104 INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR 
may have other and more indirect consequences. When the 
moor-hen dived to escape from the obtrusive puppy, his heart- 
beat was probably affected ; he had, perhaps, an uncomfortable 
sinking in his gizzard; his breathing was short and laboured ; 
and he experienced creepy sensations in the skin and around 
the feather-roots. Such we may suppose were the accompani- 
ments or sources of the emotional state of fear or alarm. And 
they presumably entered with no little vividness into the con- 
scious situation at the moment of instinctive action. In all 
those cases in which the behaviour is associated with such an 
emotional state as anger or fear, the external stimulus seems to 
produce widely-spread effects on the glands, respiratory organs, 
heart and blood-vessels, skin and other parts, as well as the 
more direct response in productive action. And all this must 
enter into the conscious situation, contributing largely, as we 
shall hereafter see, to the emotions in their instinctive origin. 
Enough has now been said to indicate with sufficient clear- 
ness the kind of co-operation and mutual relationship which 
subsists between the external and the internal factors in the 
conscious situation which leads to instinctive behaviour. We 
have seen that, not improbably, some organic prompting is 
ulways present in greater or less degree. But the question 
still remains whether anything like a definite and particular 
external stimulus is in all cases a necessary factor. 
When the predaceous larva of the water-beetle, Dydiscus, 
ceases to feed, and, creeping into the moist earth near the 
pond’s edge, makes a hollow cell in which to enter upon its 
pupal sleep, there does not seem to be any well-defined stimulus 
from the outer world which can be said to initiate the be- 
haviour of whose purport the larva can have no idea. Some 
inner need seems to impel the creature to this necessary but as 
yet unknown course of action ; and this appears to constitute, 
if not the sole, at least the preponderant element in the 
conscious situation. In healthy young birds and other animals 
there is after the rest of sleep a certain exhilaration and 
exuberance of spirits which seemingly leads to characteristic 
action ; dancing, flapping of the wings, running hither and 
