EVOLUTION OF FEELING AND EMOTION 291 
consciousness. As he lies on the lawn, he receives a sense- 
stimulus, auditory or olfactory. It has already acquired 
meaning, from many a tussle with the butcher’s cur. It 
has organic effects, and it generates a conscious situation 
which has acquired complexity through coalescence. As the 
result of this situation the head is raised, the ears pricked, and 
soon, The dog is on the alert. His attention is aroused. 
The muscles of neck, eyes, ears, are brought into play in such 
a way as to bring the senses to bear on the exciting object. 
He probably sees the cur through the gap in the hedge. The 
muscles of the frame are innervated so as to be in a state of 
preparation to act rapidly and forcibly. At the same time the 
vaso-motor system is disturbed, the heart-beat is quickened, 
respiration is altered ; there is probably hardly an organ in 
the body which remains unaffected. Then the dog rushes 
through the hedge, and stands with bared teeth before his 
antagonist. A whole set of appropriate muscles are now 
strongly innervated. There is, perhaps, a double innervation, 
stimulating to activity and yet restraining from action. He 
bares his teeth and growls deeply. Attention is so concen- 
trated that he heeds not, perhaps does not hear, his master’s 
whistle. He is keenly on the alert. The blood-system, respi- 
ratory organs, and all his inner machinery are still pulsating 
with nervous thrills ; his back is up. Then he sees his chance, 
and flies at his opponent. Much that he has learnt in play, 
and all that he has learnt in earnest, comes to his aid in the 
short angry scuffle. And what we call his emotion of anger 
spurs him on to the fight; the cowardly dog in which this is 
lacking or is replaced by fear is spurred to flight. Hach may 
contribute to self-preservation, but in different ways. 
Now, we shall not attempt to determine how the distinc- 
tively emotional elements arise. Some think they arise by a 
sort of irradiating nervous diffusion in the nerve-centres as 
a direct result of the originating stimulus. Mr. Rutgers 
Marshall regards them as due to the motor activities in fight 
or flight ; Professor William James contends that they have 
their source in the visceral affections of heart, lungs, glands, 
