322 THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 
The examination analogy—if, indeed, it may not be rightly 
regarded as something more than an analogy—may be pressed 
a little further as a means of fixing our attention on two points 
which are worthy of consideration. The first is that, in the 
preparation for the examination, specific practice as much of 
it is, cramming is not the system exemplified by the higher 
animals. A good all-round education in the acquisition of 
conscious situations more or less coalescent into a unified 
system of experience, and in their effective utilization without 
unnecessary delay and bungling along more or less converging 
lines of practical behaviour ; this is what secures a “ pass ” 
in survival, especially where the circumstances of life have 
reached a considerable degree of complexity. The instinctive 
act, with its relatively definite response to a question which is 
almost certain to be set to every candidate for survival, is that 
which is the analogue in behaviour to the result of a system 
of cram. Organic nature does employ this system in the lower 
classes of her school ; definite responses are ground into merely 
instinctive types generation after generation, and the right 
answers are given, automatically and unintelligently, whenever 
the oft-recurrent questions are set. But this will not do when 
the questions require the exercise of intelligence, when they 
are of the nature of problems, with just those delicate but not 
unimportant shades of difference which baffle the candidate 
who has been drilled in a merely mechanical fashion. Hence 
the cramming of instinct does not suffice for animals whose 
environment presents problems of greater variety and greater 
complexity. Intelligence is required to meet the particular 
combinations as they arise. The greyhound, which is loosed 
on a hare, has never seen that hare run in exactly that way 
over that special tract of country. But he has been trained 
in such situations, and is thus prepared to meet the special 
problem in its details as they present themselves in the light 
of the experience he has gained of other like problems. And 
his skill in pursuit has not only been gained through education 
in coursing. In a thousand ways, as puppy and dog, he has 
learnt how to use well those sinewy limbs. The training of 
