MACAQUES. 109 



of the species are, however, confined to India, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and 

 the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, etc. Some range as far east as China, while one 

 is found even in Japan. To the northward, macaques extend into the outer 

 ranges of the Himalaya, while a single species inhabits the secluded highlands of 

 Eastern Tibet. 



The whole of the large number of monkeys reckoned as macaques 

 seem to have much the same general habits, being always found 

 gathered together in troops, which may be of considerable numbers, and always 

 comprise individuals of both sexes, and of all sizes and ages. They are forest- 

 dwelling animals; and, while active and rapid in their movements, are less 

 markedly so than their compatriots the langurs. As regards food, macaques have 

 a varied appetite, most, if not all, of them eagerly eating insects as well as seeds 

 and fruits. Moreover, they have occasionally been observed to devour lizards, and 

 it is reported that frogs also form part of their food on rare occasions ; while one 

 species is known to subsist partly on crustaceans. Their cheek-pouches are of 

 very large size, and it is the general habit of these monkeys to stuff these receptacles 

 as full as they will hold on every available occasion. 



According to Mr. Blanford, from whose works the above accounts of their 

 habits is paraphrased, the voice and gestures of all the macaques are similar, and 

 differ markedly from those of the langurs. In regard to these points, the same 

 writer gives an interesting quotation from the manuscript notes of Colonel Tickell 

 an excellent observer of the habits of Indian animals which we repeat. Colonel 

 Tickell says, " Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low hoarse 

 ' ken,' not so gular or guttural as a growl. Ennui and a desire for company by a 

 whining ' horn.' Invitation, deprecation, entreaty, by a smacking of the lips and a 

 display of the incisors into a regular broad grin, accompanied with a subdued 

 grunting chuckle, highly expressive, but not to be rendered on paper. Fear and 

 alarm by a loud harsh shriek, t kra ' or ' kraouk* which serves also as a warning to 

 the others who may be heedless of danger. Unlike the langurs and gibbons, they 

 have no voice if calling to one another." 



In confinement most of the species are docile if caught young ; but old males 

 that have been captured when full grown are sometimes exceedingly spiteful ; and 

 the present writer has a vivid recollection of a pig-tailed macaque formerly in the 

 Zoological Gardens at Calcutta that was very ferocious, and would fly at every 

 visitor who approached his cage with open mouth and the most menacing gestures. 

 In their wild state it also appears that these monkeys will occasionally show fight. 

 Thus Mr. Sterndale tells us that on one occasion during the Indian Mutiny he 

 came across a party of rhesus macaques, among whom were several females with 

 young ones. He endeavoured, without success, to run them down, in order to 

 capture the latter, when he was deliberately charged by the old males of the party, 

 the leader of whom he had to despatch with a pistol-bullet. Several of the species 

 will breed in captivity. As a rule, their manners when in the latter state are the 

 reverse of pleasant. 



Since the number of species of macaques is very large, we shall select for 

 especial notice only some of the better-known types, commencing with those with 

 the tails so long that their length exceeds three-quarters of the combined length 



