138 APES AND MONKEYS. 



under at least two distinct names, and regarded as different species, though it is 

 a well-ascertained fact that the common baboon, or papio, belongs to one and the 

 same species as the sphinx, or Guinea baboon. 



The Guinea baboon is characterised by the uniformly reddish-brown colour 

 of its fur, which is washed with a yellowish tinge, more especially upon the head, 

 shoulders, back, and limbs ; the cheeks and throat being paler, and the whiskers 

 fawn-coloured. As in the chacma, the upper eyelids are white. The nose pro- 

 jects rather beyond the upper lip, but is somewhat less elongated than in the 

 chacma, and has small swellings corresponding with those so enormously developed 

 in the next species. 



As its name indicates, it is an inhabitant of Guinea ; and although, judging 

 from the number of specimens that are imported into Europe, it must be common, 

 we have no record of its habits and mode of life in a state of nature. Of those 

 in a state of confinement we have, however, numerous accounts, from the time of 

 Buffon downwards; the species being frequently carried about by itinerant 

 sho\vmen. 



THE MANDRILL (Cynocephalus mormon). 



With the hideous creature represented in the accompanying woodcut we come 

 to the first of two West African species of baboons, distinguished from all those we 

 have hitherto considered by the reduction of the tail to a short stump, and also by 

 the long tuberculous swellings on either side of the muzzle, which communicate the 

 peculiarly hideous expression to the face. Moreover, the whole head is larger 

 in proportion to the body than in the other baboons, and as the fore-quarters also 

 appear to be relatively higher in proportion to the hinder parts, the general 

 appearance is ungainly in the extreme. In fact, the whole appearance is far 

 more suggestive of the forms imagined during a nightmare than is the case with 

 any other living Mammals. 



It has been suggested by several naturalists that these two species ought to 

 be separated from all the other baboons in a genus by themselves ; and the late Dr. 

 Gray even went so far as to make each of them the type of a distinct genus. 

 This separation is, however, uncalled for, since both are true baboons in all 

 essential characters ; the small size of the tail being merely analogous to the con- 

 dition which we have seen in certain members of the macaque monkeys, while the 

 huge swellings on the face are only exaggerated developments of the smaller ones 

 found in the Guinea baboon. 



The mandrill, as the species represented in. the accompanying illustration is 

 called, is the largest of all the baboons, and is, in truth, a brute of tremendous powder 

 and ferocity. Its leading characteristics as a species are to be found in the circum- 

 stance that its short and tuberculous tail has its under surface naked, and that the 

 swellings on the face are ornamented with a brilliant coloration in the adult state, 

 and are of enormous dimensions. 



From the great development of these swellings on the sides of the muzzle, 

 Pennant gave to the mandrill the name of rib-faced baboon, but this has 

 generally been discarded by modern writers in favour of the former term. And 

 here we may take the opportunity of mentioning that, according to the investigations 



