DOMESTIC DOGS. 543 



Highlands of Tibet and the neighbouring regions, extending westwards into 

 Ladak, and southwards into Sikhiin. It is invaluable in protecting the flocks 

 from the inroads of wolves and wild dogs. On reaching a Tibetan village or 

 encampment in the higher regions of Ladak, the traveller is assailed by the 

 baying of at least half a dozen of these dogs, and until they are leisurely called 

 oft' by the women the sensations of the visitor, as the writer knows by experience, 

 are sometimes the reverse of pleasant. In the more eastern portions of its range 

 the Tibet dog, in common with sheep and goats, is pressed into service as a 

 beast of burden. 



With the fox-terrier we reach the last group of dogs, which 

 Fox-Terrisr 



includes the terriers, the poodle, and a few other species. All 

 terriers have moderately short and highly-arched skulls, in which the elevation is 

 mainly due to the large size of the brain-case, and consequently indicates a high 

 degree of intelligence, the jaws being generally rather short, as well shown in the 

 portrait of " Spot " which faces our list of contents. 



The smooth fox-terrier was formerly used for unearthing foxes, two of these 

 animals being attached to every pack of hounds ; but is now one of the most 

 favoured breeds of companionable dogs. It should have a hard, thick, and glossy 

 coat, of a pure white ground-colour, more or less fully marked with black-and-tan, 

 black, or lemon colour, liver-coloured markings being objected to. The "true 

 hound colour," that is w r hite and black-and-tan, is the most esteemed ; and it is 

 considered that this type of coloration has been produced by a cross with either 

 the black-and-tan terrier or the beagle. There has been much discussion as to 

 the advisability of a strain of bull-dog blood in the smooth fox-terrier; such 

 strain showing itself by a tendency for the lower jaw to be " underhung," and 

 also an unusual massiveness of the jaw muscles. The weight may vary from 

 15 or 16 to 20 Ibs. In a pure-bred animal the head should- be flat and rather 

 narrow, tapering from the ears to the muzzle, with a slight hollow in front of the 

 eyes, but none between them. The jaws should be long and tapering, with a 

 moderate prominence of the masseter muscle ; and the nose must be black. The 

 eyes are small, without prominence; and the ears likewise small, in shape 

 resembling the letter V, and set close to the cheeks, with their points directed 

 forwards and downwards. 



The rough fox-terrier came into popular favour at a later date than 

 the smooth breed, although it had been bred for many years in the west of 

 England. "Stonehenge" observes that it "may be regarded in all respects as 

 similar to his smooth brother, with the exception of his coat, which on the body 

 and legs should be about twice the length of that on the smooth dog, with the 

 addition of a thick under-pile of a woolly nature, and furnished, like that of the 

 otterhound, with a certain amount of oil, so as to resist the action of the water." 



The rough Irish terrier, which seems of late years to have 

 replaced the old Scotch terrier, is a rather large dog, varying in 

 weight from 17 to 25 Ibs., with a hard, rough, and wiry coat, having no tendency 

 to curl. The most admired colour is bright reddish-bay, usually termed " red," but 

 it may vary through different shades of brown and yellow to grey. The tail is 

 generally cut, but if kept entire should curve. Great importance is attached to 



