236 UNGULATES, 



exhibiting variations in the structure of its horns analogous to those existing in 

 the Himalayan markhor noticed subsequently. 



The goat inhabiting the Eastern Caucasus is known as Pallas's 



VX ' tur (C. cylindricornis), and is found to the westward of Kasbeg 



and throughout Daghestan. It may be described as a goat with horns like those 



of the bharal. The 

 horns are black, smooth, 

 and nearly cylindrical, 

 directed outwards and 

 backwards in a some- 

 what spiral manner, 

 with their tips directed 

 inwards, and sometimes 

 not separated from one 

 another by an interval 

 of more than a foot. 

 The general colour of 

 the animal is light 

 HOBNS OF PALLAS'S TUR. brown, and the height 



at the shoulder about 



3 feet. The reddish brown beard is short and stiff, and curved inwards towards 

 the middle of the chin. Another distinctive feature is to be found in the lower 

 incisor teeth, which have very narrow crowns. Good specimens of the horns may 

 measure some 31 inches along the curve, and occasionally reach 34J and 36 

 inches. 



In the Central Caucasus, between Elburz and Daghestan, the 



Caucasian Tur. 111,1 . \ 



preceding form is replaced by the true Caucasian tur (C. caucasica), 



which is intermediate between it and Severtzow's. This tur is very similar 

 in appearance to Pallas's, having horns with a spiral curvature, and approach- 

 ing each other at the tips, but with a nearly square cross-section at the base, 

 and with knobs on the front surface. The colour is very like that of Sever- 

 tzow's tur, but the head is more reddish, the beard like that of Pallas's, and 

 the under-part of the body darker, while the tail has longer hairs. The incisors 

 are like those of C. cylindricornis and the horns vary from 30 to 40 inches in 

 length. 



Severtzow's tur (C. severtzowi), inhabits the whole of the 

 ' Western Caucasus, and presents considerable local variation in 

 colour. It is a very strongly - built animal, standing about 3 feet at the 

 withers. Its general colour is brownish grey with a yellowish tinge, the head 

 and spine being darker, the under-parts a lighter shade of brown, and the limbs 

 dark with a pale stripe on their hinder surface. The brown beard is long and 

 narrow, and the tail very short. The most distinctive feature of this goat is, 

 however, found in its horns. These are very large, black in colour, and directed 

 upwards and backwards in a scimitar-like form, curving almost entirely in a single 

 plane, with their tips widely separated, and generally directed downwards, although 

 occasionally outwards. The section of these horns at the base is triangular, and 



