244 UNGULATES. 



convexity of the profile. The horns are frequently absent in both sexes, and when 

 present are short, thick, and crumpled ; while there is generally no beard. The 

 pendent ears are about as long as the head, and are rounded at the tips, and flat. 

 The hair is short, and generally of a reddish brown colour, but inclining to yellow 

 on the legs. Sometimes, however, the colour is slaty grey, or spotted. These 

 goats extend from the countries along the Lower Nile to Central Nubia. The 

 Theban race of this breed has the most marked convexity of profile. 



Perhaps, however, the most remarkable of all the breeds is the 



Sudan goat, characterised by the short horns of 3 or 4 inches in 

 length, curving at first backwards and outwards, and then bending forwards at 

 their tips. The legs are short and strong ; and the short but thick hair is generally 

 dark coloured, frequently showing a mixture of black and reddish. Sometimes the 

 general dark colour is relieved by white spots ; but red, yellowish brown, and 

 perfectly black specimens are not uncommon. From the chin depends a black 

 beard reaching to the chest, where it divides to spread over the shoulders and 

 upper-parts of the fore-limbs. These goats are found over all the country lying 

 between the White Nile and the Niger, and doubtless extend over the greater 

 part of Central Africa to the West Coast. They are kept by the natives in 

 enormous flocks. 



Mention has already been made of the wild goats of the Isle of 



Giura, which are probably derived from a domestic race perhaps 

 crossed with the pasang. Goats have also run wild in many other places, more 

 especially mountainous islands like St. Helena, Tavolara near Sardinia, and Juan 

 Fernandez. In St. Helena these wild goats have completely destroyed a large 

 portion of the native flora, and this has resulted in the disappearance of much 

 of the fauna. Goats were introduced by the Spaniards into Juan Fernandez 

 in the year 1563. These soon increased enormously, and in order to diminish their 

 numbers dogs were subsequently let loose, and likewise ran wild. At the time of 

 Lord Anson's visit, in the summer of 1741, the goats had been greatly reduced in 

 numbers by the dogs, and they were further so much thinned by his party that 

 it was estimated only about two hundred remained. About thirty years ago 

 Pechuel-Loesche visited the island, and found that while the dogs had disappeared, 

 the goats had once more become exceedingly numerous. In 1885 the goats were 

 being vigorously hunted by the settlers with guns and dogs. The general colour of 

 these goats is reddish brown, in some districts spotted with dirty white. 



IBEX (Capra ibex, etc.). 



Although the Spanish and Persian wild goats are frequently spoken of as 

 ibex, it seems preferable to restrict this term to four nearly-allied species, namely, 

 the true or Alpine ibex, the Himalayan ibex, the Arabian ibex, and the Abyssinian 

 ibex. All these species are characterised by their nearly uniform coloration, and 

 by the front surface of their long scimitar - shaped horns being flattened and 

 ornamented by a number of bold transverse knots or ridges. These horns curve 

 backwards, and diverge regularly, although in some cases their tips have an 

 inward inclination : they are nearly triangular in cross-section, the base of the 



