WEALTH OP NATIONS. 179 



V. We are thus brought to the fifth and last book of 

 Dr. Smith's work, in which he examines the important 

 subject of the Public Revenue, or that portion of the 

 revenue of individuals which is allotted to the Expenses 

 of the State. This subject is treated in three subdivisions: 

 the expenses of the commonwealth; the sources of the 

 public revenue; public debts. 



i. The expenses of the commonwealth are first, 

 those of defence; secondly, those of justice; thirdly, 

 those of public works and institutions ; fourthly, those for 

 supporting the sovereign's dignity. 



1. In treating of defence, we are led to consider the 

 progress of the military art. At first, all the clan 

 are warriors, and the chief is the first warrior. In 

 the hunting state, very small bodies can be collected; in 

 the pastoral state only, large bodies may be gathered 

 together; in the infancy of the agricultural state, also, 

 large forces may be raised. But as society advances, 

 manufactures are introduced, and the ruder art of war is 

 improved. It thus becomes doubly necessary to have a 

 certain class of the community trained to arms, and alone 

 called out to serve; for without this, manufacturing 

 industry could not go on, and the military art could not 

 be learnt. If this plan be pursued, a regular army is 

 raised; if the whole citizens in rotation are called upon 

 to serve, it is a militia. The superior efficiency of stand- 

 ing armies has been felt in all ages. Philip of Macedon 

 by their help conquered Greece, and his son conquered 

 Persia. The victories of Hannibal, and, after the second 

 Punic War, those of Rome, were owing to the same 

 superiority. The history of modern wars reads the 

 same lesson. The expense, however, of this mode of 



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