DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 47 



injected from its weight. A syringe is good for this pur 

 pose. A pr'tty good one may be made of tin. In Eng- 

 land, Reed't stomach pump is used for this purpose, in 

 preference U all other apparatus. 



ASTRINGENTS AND TONICS. 



These medicines are of a binding nature, and tend to 

 the reduction of inflammation, and to constipation in the 

 bowels ; on this account, while they are given, internally, 

 to cure some disorders, it is necessary to use laxative 

 food, such as mashes, potatoes, &c, or gentle physic, to 

 keep the bowels in good condition. 



Opium, or laudanum, is a powerful astringent, and i> 

 is also a good anodyne. It is used both for cattle and 

 horses, for colic, spasms, locked jaw, &c. It should 

 however, be given with great caution. It is mostly used 

 internally. In fevers it irritates, but after a fever it 

 soothes. The usual dose is one ounce of laudanum for 

 a full-grown animal. 



Alum, as an astringent, is used both internally and ex- 

 ternally. Catechu is a powerful astringent, and is often 

 given to animals. It is mostly used internally, but as a 

 Tincture, it is good externally. It is generally used in 

 connection with other medicines, entering into the dose 

 to the amount of four drachms. 



Blue Vitriol (sulphate of copper) is used internally, 

 to check nasal discharges, and externally for hoof-ail, 

 warts, and sometimes, lightly, in the treatment of wounds. 



Powdered Chalk is a valuable astringent in some 

 cases, particularly as the alkali unites with the acid in 

 the stomach and neutralizes it. There is much acid in 

 the stomach of calves afflicted with dysentery ; hence 

 ihe advantage of supplying them with a lump of chalk 

 to lick. 



Black Cherry and Yellow Birch Bark are good 

 astringents for the jaundice. 



Raspberry Leaf Tea is a mild astringent, and an ano- 

 dyne. It is used internally and externally. It allays 

 inflammation of the bowels, and fever, and tends to the 

 reduction of external inflammation or swellings. 



