INDEX 



Carnot, Sadi, discovers that heat and 

 mechanical work are mutually con- 

 vertible, 213. 



Carpenter, William Benjamin, his 

 theory of oceanic circulation, 180; 

 his advocacy of Baer's anatomical 

 theories, 337. 



Catastrophism, discussions regarding 

 the theory of, 97-99, 126, 130. 



Cavendish, Henry, discovers hydrogen 

 gas and the composition of water, 

 31, 34, 253. 



Cell theory, the, its conception and 

 development, 330-346 ; some of its 

 unsolved problems, 454-456. 



Chambers, Robert, his anonymous 

 argument for the theory of trans- 

 mutation of species, 300, 301. 



Charcot, Jean Martin, his revival of 

 hypnotism, 415. 



Charpentier, Jean de, first ridicules 

 and then becomes an enthusiastic 

 advocate of the glacial theory, 

 134. 



Chemistry, the contest it gave rise to 

 and its advances in the eighteenth 

 century, 29-35 ; the phlogiston 

 theory, 29-31 ; discovery of hydro- 

 gen gas, 31 ; discovery of oxygen, 

 which led to the development of the 

 "new chemistry," 31-35; solving 

 the mysteries of respiration, 39-41 ; 

 progress of the science during the 

 nineteenth century, 252-287 ; dis- 

 covery and development of the 

 atomic theory, 252-255 ; discovery of 

 the laws of atomic weights, the spe- 

 cific heat of atoms, and of isomor- 

 phism, 255-262; study of the theory 

 of the binary composition of chemi- 

 cal compounds and the establish- 

 ment of theoretical chemistry, 262 

 265 ; discoveries in organic chemis- 

 try and the establishment of the law 

 of molecular structure, 265-269; 

 discovery of the law of valency, 

 and the establishment and develop- 

 ment of isomerism, 269-275 ; de- 



. termination of the character and 

 properties of atoms and molecules, 

 275-278 ; discovery of the law of 

 atomic weights and of the -'law of 

 octaves " lead to an investigation 



of the probable compound nature 

 of the elements, 278-287. 



Chladni, Ernst F. F., his theory of 

 meteorites, 159, 160, 161, 162/ 



Chloroform, discovery of its anaes- 

 thetic properties, 374. 



Christol, M., his discovery of human 

 fossils in the south of France, 111. 



Christy, Henry, his important find in 

 the caves of Dordogne, 113. 



Clark, Alvan, Jr., his discovery of a 

 "dark star," the companion of 

 Sirius, 75. 



Clausius, Rudolph Julius Emanuel, 

 aids in establishing the doctrine of 

 the conservation of energy, 223- 

 226 ; investigates the kinetic theory 

 of gases, 242-244 ; points out the 

 way to measure the size of mole- 

 cules, 244 ; measures the energy of 

 a molecule of gas, 245. 



Climate, and the study of the influ- 

 ences which affect it, 172-182 ; 

 how that of northern India is af- 

 fected by the monsoons, 191. 



Clouds, classification of, and their 

 formation, 169-172. 



Comets, theories regarding, and the 

 determination of their character 

 and origin, 53-60; photographed, 

 79. 



Conservation of energy, discovery of 

 the law of, 209-221." 



Contagion, its cause discovered, 380- 

 382. * 



Co-ordination, Cuvier's law of, 322. 



Cope, Edward Drinker, his important 

 discoveries in the Rocky Mountain 

 region, and the story they tell, 114- 

 121 ; advocates Lamarck's theory of 

 the origin of favored species, 318, 

 319. 



Corpuscles, red blood, discovery of, 

 349, 350, 



Corvisart, Jean Nicholas de, intro- 

 duces the percussion method into 

 medical practice, 354356. 



Couper, A. S., his investigations of 

 the affinities of different elements, 

 271. 



Croll, James, his " pre-nebular the- 

 ory," 86 ; contends for many Ice 

 ages, 136; his estimate of the 



462 



