40 MOBPHOLOGY OF BUDS. 



SECTION II. OP BUDS. 



65. Buds are the germs of stems : they are axes with their 

 appendages in an early state. LEAF-BUDS (GEMWLE) are those 

 devoted to vegetation, and the parts, or some of them, develop 

 as leaves. MIXED BUDS contain both foliage and flower or 

 flowers. FLOWER-BUDS (ALABASTRA) are unexpanded blossoms. 

 These are considered in another chapter. 



66. The conspicuous portion of an ordinary bud, or that which 

 first develops, usually consists of leaves, or scales the homologues 

 of leaves ; the axis itself being very short and undeveloped. If 

 this remains comparatively short, the leaves as developed are 

 crowded in a rosette, as in a Houseleek (Fig. 91*), a Barberry 

 and the Larch : when the internodes lengthen, the leaves are 

 interspaced upon the axis. 



67. The cotyledons and plumule of the embryo are, morpho- 

 logically, the first bud, on the summit of the initial stem, the 

 caulicle. This in germination and subsequent growth develops 

 into a leafy stem, in the manner already described. Normally 

 this stem has the capacity of growing on in this way from the 

 apex or growing point, which is always potentially a bud, the 

 apical or terminal bud (15). Sometimes it is merely potential, 

 and there is no external structure visible until the new growth 

 begins, or the bud is said to be latent. 



68. But commonly, in plants that live from year to year, growth 

 is divided into seasons or stages, with intervals of repose. In 

 such cases, especially in trees and shrubs, instead of a continuous 

 succession of foliage, the period of interruption is apt to be 

 marked by the production of scales (Bud-scales, Perulce, etc.) or 

 dry teguments, which serve to protect the tender rudiments or 

 growing point within during the season of rest. This being the 

 winter-season in cold climates, Linnaeus gave to such bud-cover- 

 ings the common name of HIBERNACULUM. From the usually 

 squamose (scale-like) character of this covering, such buds take 

 the name of 



69. Scaly Buds. Large and strong ones of this kind, such as 

 those of Horsechestnut, Magnolia, Hickory, Lilac, &c. , may be 

 taken as the type of bud. The scales serve to protect the ten- 

 der parts within against injury from moisture and from sudden 

 changes in temperature during the dormant or earliest growing 

 state. To ward off moisture more effectually, they are sometimes 

 coated with a wax}', resinous, or balsamic exudation, as is con- 

 spicuous on the scales of the Horsechestnut, Balsam-Poplar or 

 Balm of Gilead, and Balsam-Fir. To guard against sudden 



