THE FRUIT. 285 



anomalous reproduction are therefore now known, which are 

 intermediate between sexual and non-sexual, between budding 

 and fruiting propagation, viz., 



Apogamy, which is budding growth or prolification in place of 

 that which should subserve sexual reproduction. This was dis- 

 covered in F*rns by Prof. Farlow, while a pupil of De Bary, by 

 whom our knowledge of the process has recently been extended, 

 and this nane imposed. 1 The production of bulblets in place of 

 seed or embryo answers to this in Flowering plants. 



Parthen >geny, the counterpart analogue of apogamy, is the 

 non-sexual origination of an embryo extraneous to the embryonal 

 vesicle rr even the embryo-sac. However abnormal, its occur- 

 red* u probably not so rare as has been supposed. 



CHAPTER VII. 



THE FRUIT. 



SECTION I. ITS STRUCTURE, TRANSFORMATIONS, AND DEHISCENCE. 



534. The Fruit consists of the matured pistil or gynoecium 

 (as the case may be) , including also whatsoever may be joined 

 to it. It is a somewhat loose and multifarious term, applicable 

 alike to a matured ovary, to a cluster of such ovaries, at least 

 when somewhat coherent, to a ripened ovary with calyx and 

 other floral parts adnate to it, and even to a ripened inflores- 

 cence when the parts are consolidated or compacted. Fruits, 

 accordingly, are of various degrees of simplicity or complexity, 

 and should be first studied in the simpler forms, namely, those 

 which have resulted from a single pistil. Such a fruit consists 

 of Pericarp with whatever may be contained in it and incorpo- 

 rated with it. 



embryo appeared in those seeds which habitually produce them. To this 

 Caelebogyne offers an exception. The female of this dioecious plant habit- 

 ually matures fertile seeds, with a well-formed embryo, in Europe when there 

 are no male plants in the country. Strasburger ascertained that the embryo 

 thus formed is adventive, the embryonal vesicle perishing. Parthenogenesis, 

 of which Caelebogyne was the most unequivocal case, is thus confirmed, and 

 is shown to occur in most polyembryony ; but it is at the same time explained 

 to be a kind of prolification. 

 * See Farlow, in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 68; De Bary, Bot. Zeit. xxxvi. 466-487. 



