300 



THE FRUIT. 



and, slightly cohering together (though without organic union), 

 they fall as one bod}' from the conical dry torus at maturity. It 

 is the same in blackberries or bramble-berries (Fig. 646, 647), 

 except that the drupelets persist on the torus, which partakes of 

 the juiciness. 1 In the aggregate fruit of Magnolia (Fig. 648-650), 

 such carpels, imbricated over one another, cohere more or less 



at all contiguous parts, and 

 become drupaceous ; never- 

 theless, at maturity each 

 opens dorsally, allowing the 

 seeds to fall out : in age it 

 dries and hardens, and also 

 separates from its connec- 

 tions, and so be- 

 comes a follicle, but 

 with the remark- 

 able peculiarity of 

 dorsal instead of 

 ventral dehiscence. 

 (Fig. 650.) In Li- 

 riodendron, a tree 

 of the same family, 

 such carpels are 

 dry and indehiscent throughout ; and they largely consist of long 

 and flat styles, imbricated in a cone, but separating from each 

 other and from the slender torus at maturity, when each becomes 

 a samara. 



580. Accessory or Anthocarpous Fruits are those of which some 

 conspicuous portion of the fructification neither belongs to the 

 pistil nor is organically united with it, except by a common 

 insertion. The part thus imitating a fruit, while it is really no 

 part of the pericarp, is sometimes called a Pseudocarp, or an 

 Anthocarp or Anthocarpium. This condition may occur either 

 in simple, in aggregate, or in multiple fruits. 



1 The aggregate fruit like that of Rubus (named by some Conocarpium, 

 by others an sEterio, Erythrostomum, &c. ) was termed by Dumortier a Drupe- 

 turn. A similar aggregation of baccate carpels he termed a Baccetum ; of 

 follicles, a Fotticetum, &c. All such names may look well in a system ; but 

 they are both superfluous and unmanageable in phytography. 



PIG. 648. Aggregate fruit of Umbrella-tree, Magnolia Umbrella, reduced In size; a 

 seed, from a lower dehiscent carpel hangs on a thread, consisting of a tuft of extensile 

 spiral ducts unravelled. 649. Same in longitudinal section. 650. One of the carpels 

 detached, at full maturity, dried up, dorsally dehiscent, exposing the pair of seeds of 

 the natural size. 



