BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION. 339 



in number, were first established and defined by proper char- 

 acters, and nearly all known genera arranged under them. His 

 primary division of the Vegetable kingdom was into Acotyledones, 

 Monocotyledones, and Dicotyledones, adopted from Ray, with a 

 change which was no improvement. For his Acotyledones, the 

 Cr3 r ptogamia of Linnaeus, are the "plants without flowers" of 

 Ray: they are, to be sure, destitute of cotyledons (though not in 

 the manner of Cuscuta) , because destitute of embryo altogether. 

 The Acotyledones forming his first class, Jussieu divided the 

 Monocotyledones into three classes upon single and artificial 

 characters, namely upon the insertion of the stamens, whether 

 hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous ; and the Dicotyledones, 

 into eleven classes on similar characters, preceded by a division 

 into Apetcdce, Monopetalce, Polypetalce, and Diclines irregulares, i. e. 

 first upon the character of the perianth, then upon the insertion 

 of the stamens or in Monopetalae of the corolla. The following 

 is the scheme : 



Acotyledones CLASS I 



(Stamens hypogynous II. 

 perigynous III. 

 epigynous IV. 



(Stamens epigynous V. 

 perigynous VI. 

 hypogynous VII. 



(Corolla hypogynous VIII. 

 epigynous : anthers separate XI. 



(Stamens epigynous XII. 

 hypogynous .... XIII. 

 perigynous XIV. 



Diclinous (also Apetalous) XV. 



690. Auguste Pyrame DeCandolle was the next great syste- 

 matist. Reversing the order of Jussieu, who proceeded from the 

 lower or simpler to the higher or more complex forms, DeCan- 

 dolle began with the latter, the phaenogamous or flowering plants, 

 and with those having typically complete flowers. On account 

 of its convenience and the greater facilities for studying the higher 

 plants, this order has been commonly followed ever since. His 

 primary division on anatomical structure, into Vascular and 

 Cellular plants, was a backward step, confusing a portion of the 

 lower series with the higher ; and the duplicate names of Exo- 

 gence and Endogence, appended to Dicotyledonese and Monoco- 



