PREFACE vii 



order proceeds. There seems, however, no escape from the con- 

 clusion that Man and the Apes must have had a common ancestor 

 in the remote past, and we await with especial interest further 

 discoveries of fossil remains which may throw light upon their 

 inter-relationships and upon the ancestors of Man. 



Kemains of Early Quaternary Man, few and far between, 

 have been unearthed during the last fifty years in England, 

 on the European Continent with Gibraltar, and in North America. 

 The valley of the Meuse is now famous for having yielded the 

 " Naulette " and " Spy " remains, which there is very strong 

 evidence for believing to belong to the Palaeolithic Age. The 

 salient features of these ancient men are a low retreating and 

 contracted forehead and an inwardly shelving occiput (indicative of 

 a primitive type of brain and of powerful neck muscles), a high 

 temporal ridge and an expanded palate (indicative of powerful 

 jaws and jaw muscles); and further, the presence of ape -like 

 brow ridges (for which the famous Neanderthal calvaria is so 

 notorious) appears also to have been a racial character. Dr. 

 Eugene Dubois has recently described some remains from the 

 banks of the Bengawan Eiver in Java, which he believes to be 

 those of a creature structurally intermediate between the types 

 represented by modern Man and the modern Anthropoids. In 

 this he has been proved by Pettit, Cunningham, Turner, and 

 others, to be mistaken. The Bengawan calvaria and the bones 

 associated with it are strictly human. The calvaria shows a 

 cephalic breadth index 1 of 70, as compared with 72 for the 

 Neanderthal, and its smaller capacity and other characters render 

 it perhaps representative of a race more primitive than any 

 1 As mentioned in the body of this work (infra, pp. 51, 52), the cranial capacity 

 of the Caucasian may average 1500 c.cm., and that of the Veddah may be but 950 

 c.cm. Thirty Australian skulls measured by Turner gave a maximum capacity of 

 1514 c.cm. and a minimum of but 930 c.cm., and 100 modern Parisian skulls, worked 

 out by Topinard, varied between 1850 c.cm. and 1150 c.cm., while Testut describes 

 a skull of Quaternary Man from the Dordogne with a capacity of 1730 c.cm. 

 Individual variation being thus extensive, it is clear that far purposes of study 

 of the 'inter-relationships between races of mankind, a method which deals with 

 relative measurements, in such a way as to eliminate differences due to stature, 

 is desirable. The above-named "cephalic breadth index " method has been found 

 to be one of the most serviceable under existing circumstances. It is computed 

 as follows : multiply the maximum transverse diameter by 100 and divide by the 

 maximum long diameter, as determined by a lino drawn between the superciliary 

 ridges and through the most projecting mid-occipital point. 



