BACTERIUM TYPHI. 235 



Resistance. — 



(a) Against drying: They tolerate preservation in the 

 Iry condition for months ; according to Uffelmann, in soil 



id clothing even, for one or two months. They do not 

 withstand such a complete drying as is necessary in order 



reduce to dust. Germano (Z. H. xxiv, 403). Compare 

 iso Ficker (Z. H. xxix, i). 



(6) Cold and heat: Janowski (C. B. vm, 167, 417, 449). 

 'hey withstand cold well. 



(c) In manure and feces : Over a week (Gartner). 



(d) In water : From a few hours to many days. Com- 

 >are page 40. 



(e) Chemical disinfecting agents : Compare Kohler (C. B. 

 .v, 89). 

 The duration of life in the human body may be very 



msiderable. They have been demonstrated by Sahli in 

 )leural exudate fifty days after the beginning of the 

 lisease, and by Hintze in the pus of periostitis ten months 

 liter a case of typhoid fever. 



Chemical Activities. — There is no production of pig- 

 ment nor odoriferous substances. It reduces solutions of 

 litmus, converts nitrate into nitrite, and gradually leads 

 to a disappearance of nitrite. They form levorotatory 

 lactic acid from grape-sugar (feebly from milk-sugar) and 

 no visible gas bubbles from any carbohydrate (verified by 

 Buchner, A. H. in, 425, 1885). They form H 2 S strongly. 

 Indol is not produced. The cultures are rich in toxins ; 

 the germ-free nitrates are actively pathogenic. 



Distribution. — 



(a) Outside the body : So far, in a few cases in water and 

 soil which have come in contact with typhoid dejecta. 

 Recently demonstrated by Losener in five instances in 

 specimens of soil, portions of cadavers, and stools, where 

 there was no suspicion of the presence of typhoid bacteria. 

 Similar results were obtained by Remlinger and Schneider 

 (H. R., 1896, 743). 



(6) In healthy body : So far, never. 



(c) In diseased human body : In cases of typhoid fever, as 

 the cause of the disease. Cultures are obtained with great- 

 est certainty from the spleen and lymph-glands, in which 

 the bacilli are always distributed in small clumps. Often, 



