4 JOINTED ANIMALS. 



two extremes we meet with two pairs in the Millipedes, three in the Insects, and 

 four in the Centipedes. 



The appendicular nature of the jaws, then, is the most distinctive feature of 

 the animals now under discussion. But if two members of the Arthropoda, say for 

 instance a lobster and a centipede, be compared together, they will be found to 

 possess many other structural characters in common. Thus the body is bilaterally 

 symmetrical, that is to say, if it be cut exactly in half lengthwise, the right and 

 left portions will be precisely alike. It is, moreover, divided into a series of 

 segments, placed one behind the other in a long series ; each segment bearing a pair 

 of limbs, which in the centipede are all alike, but in the lobster vary considerably 

 in size and structure in different regions of the bo*dy. In both types, moreover, 

 some of the segments at the front end of the body are modified by fusion, and in 

 other ways, to form a head, which is furnished with eyes, and bears, in addition to 

 the jaws, appendages that have been transformed into long, many-jointed feelers, 

 called antennae. In the lobster, however, there are two pairs of these organs, while 

 in the centipede there is but one. 



These external resemblances are correlated with others connected with the 

 internal anatomy. The alimentary canal, for instance, traverses the body from 

 end to end; and the nerve-chord lying beneath it consists of two adjacent strands 

 united together in the separate segments, the points of union being marked by 

 swellings called ganglia, from which nerve-threads radiate to the neighbouring 

 parts. Above the alimentary canal comes the heart, and this organ, although 

 superficially very different in the two types, is yet constructed upon the same 

 general plan. In the centipede it is long, tubular, and composed of many distinct 

 segmentally-arranged chambers, and furnished with arteries for the distribution of 

 blood to the tissues, and with slits or ostia by which the fluid again makes its 

 way back to that organ. In the lobster, on the contrary, the heart is short, thick, 

 and consists of a single chamber, but is nevertheless provided with the arteries 

 and slits as in the case of the centipede. 



The dissection of these two creatures would, however, reveal one fundamental 

 difference between them. In the centipede it would be noticed that the body is sup- 

 plied internally with a rich system of branching tubes which open on the exterior 

 by means of apertures placed in the sides of the segments. These tubes are known 

 as trachea?, and their apertures as stigmata. They, or similar structures, are found 

 in nearly all Arthropods that live upon the land and breathe the oxygen in the 

 air. They are, in fact, the breathing organs, and analogous to the lungs. The 

 lobster has no such system of tubes; for living in the water, and breathing 

 the oxygen dissolved therein, this crustacean has need of a different type of 

 respiratory organ analogous to the gills of fishes. These it possesses in the form of 

 delicate plumes attached to the bases of the walking-legs and the sides of the 

 body just above them ; and although concealed from view and protected from 

 injury by a large plate, these gills are yet freely exposed to the water in 

 which the animal spends its existence. Gills resembling those of the lobster in 

 function, and also substantially in structure, are found in almost all Arthropods that 

 live in the sea. 



The characters that have been here briefly alluded to in the description of the 



