JELLY-FISH, ETC. 481 



So long as the thread remains rolled up within the vesicle, the barbed hooks 

 are, of course, in the tube, but when it is shot out, they come on the outside. 

 The rolled-up thread appears to be filled with some poisonous substance, which, 

 when the tube is shot out, is ejected over the spot where the point strikes 

 and wounds. It has been asserted that in many, probably in all, Coelenterates, 

 muscle and nerve elements occur below, and are associated with, the stinging- 

 cells. The action of these stinging-cells is perhaps as follows. The cnidocil is 

 touched by some passing object, and conveys the stimulus which leads to the 

 violent contraction of the distended vesicle. This forces out the tube which is 

 lying in it, in the manner described. A simple touch is, however, not enough to 

 cause the cell to be discharged, otherwise such discharge would take place when 

 the animal knocks against a stone, or when the tentacles, being withdrawn, touch 

 the body. We must assume that the Cnidaria are able to distinguish between the 

 various stimuli received from contact with other bodies. The stinging-cells are 

 very often grouped together to form so-called stinging-batteries of various sizes. 

 Dr. Mobius writes that as soon as the capturing arm touches the passing victim, 

 the long filaments are shot out of the stinging-capsules, penetrate or adhere 

 to the animal and detain it. Unless the prey is stronger than its attacker, it 

 cannot escape. New filaments are being continually shot out at it as it is slowly 

 drawn in towards the mouth ; even within the body -cavity similar stinging-cells 

 are found in the skin. The greater the struggle, the larger the number of capsules 

 discharged, in order to hold the prey. 



THE JELLY-FISH AND THEIR ALLIES, Class Polypomedusse. 

 Order SIPHONOPHORA. 



We have already described the swimming-bells of the jelly-fish as the highest 

 development of the stinging group. The Siphonophora, as represented by the 

 Portuguese man-of-war, are, in their turn, the highest development of the 

 swimming-bells. They are, in fact, colonies of bells, joined together in almost 

 every possible way, and showing extraordinary modifications of individuals in 

 the interests of a division of labour. For instance, some of the bells do nothing 

 but row the colony along, others feed the colony, others are guards, and yet others 

 produce the eggs. As our first example of the group, we may take the creature 

 known as Physophora, which consists of a long tube or central axis, surmounted 

 by an individual which is nothing but an air- vesicle for holding the colony in an 

 upright or a sloping position in the water. Below the air-vesicle come two rows 

 of bells, which bring about by their contractions the movement of the whole 

 colony. These rowing-bells force the water out of their cavities, and thus propel 

 the colony. Below these, again, comes a circle of extremely mobile tentacles, 

 which may perhaps be the tentacles of vanished bells. Among these tentacles 

 are hollow structures, open at the end, which are the feeding-bells, now reduced 

 to sucking-tubes, or stomachs, each of which endeavours to seize and digest for 

 itself whatever in the shape of food (chiefly small crustaceans) is brought to it by 

 the long capturing filaments and their branches, armed with stinging organs. 

 The colourless blood and nutritive fluid prepared by these two stomachs serve 



VOL. vi. 31 



