IL] UNIVERSITIES : ACTUAL AND IDEAL. 31 



a "Studium Generale;" and when it had grown into 

 a recognised corporation, acquired the name of " Uni- 

 versitas Studii Generalis," which, mark you, means 

 not a " Useful Knowledge Society," but a " Knowledge- 

 of- things-in-general Society." 



And thus the first "University," at any rate on 

 this side of the Alps, came into being. Originally it 

 had but one Faculty, that of Arts. Its aim was to 

 be a centre of knowledge and culture ; not to be, in 

 any sense, a technical school. 



The scholars seem to have studied Grammar, Logic, 

 and Rhetoric; Arithmetic and Geometry; Astronomy; 

 Theology; and Music. Thus, their work, however 

 imperfect and faulty, judged by modern lights, it may 

 have been, brought them face to face with all the 

 leading aspects of the many-sided mind of man. 

 For these studies did really contain, at any rate in 

 embryo sometimes, it may be, in caricature what 

 we now call Philosophy, Mathematical and Physical 

 Science, and Art. And I doubt if the curriculum of 

 any modern University shows so clear and generous a 

 comprehension of what is meant by culture, as this 

 old Trivium and Quadrivium does. 



The students who had passed through the Univer- 

 sity course, and had proved themselves competent to 

 teach, became masters and teachers of their younger 

 brethren. Whence the distinction of Masters and 

 Eegents on the one hand, and Scholars on the other. 



Rapid growth necessitated organisation. The 

 Masters and Scholars of various tongues and coun- 

 tries grouped themselves into four Nations ; and the 



