II.] UNIVERSITIES : ACTUAL AND IDEAL. 33 



branches of knowledge. Like cleaving to like, the 

 Doctors formed schools, or Faculties, of Theology, 

 Law, and Medicine, which sometimes assumed airs 

 of superiority over their parent, the Faculty of Arts, 

 though the latter always asserted and maintained its 

 fundamental supremacy. 



The Faculties arose by process of natural differen- 

 tiation out of the primitive University. Other con- 

 stituents, foreign to its nature, were speedily grafted 

 upon it. One of these extraneous elements was forced 

 into it by the Koman Church, which in those days 

 asserted with effect, that which it now asserts, happily 

 without any effect in these realms, its right of cen- 

 sorship and control over all teaching. The local 

 habitation of the University lay partly in the lands 

 attached to the monastery of S. Genevieve, partly in 

 the diocese of the Bishop of Paris ; and he who would 

 teach must have the licence of the Abbot, or of the 

 Bishop, as the nearest representative of the Pope, so 

 to do, which licence was granted by the Chancellors 

 of these Ecclesiastics. 



Thus, if I am what archaeologists call a " survival" 

 of the primitive head and ruler of the University, your 

 Chancellor stands in the same relation to the Papacy ; 

 and, with all respect for his Grace, I think I may 

 say that we both look terribly shrunken when com- 

 pared with our great originals. 



Not so is it with a second foreign element, which 

 silently dropped into the soil of Universities, like the 

 grain of mustard -seed in the parable; and, like that 

 grain, grew into a tree, in whose branches a whole 



D 



