248 JUGLANDACEA. 



organs, while their narcotic and sedative effects seem most pronounced in 

 irritable conditions of the geuito-ui-inary tract. A pillow of hops is ono 

 of the standard remedies among the laity for sleeplessness, and is often 

 used with the happiest effects. Hop fomentations are frequently employed 

 to relieve the pain of abscesses and inflammations, and form an excellent 

 application for the purpose. 



JUCLANDACEA. 



Character of the Order. — Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate 

 leaves. Flowers monoecious, the staminate in catkins, with an irregular 

 calyx adnate to the bract ; the fertile solitary or in small clusters or 

 sj)ikes, with a regular 3- to 5-lobed calyx adherent to the incompletely 2- 

 to 4-celled, 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit a dry, bony-shelled drupe, containing 

 a large 44obed, oily seed. 



A small order of trees of great economic importance. Among its most 

 important representatives in North America are the butternut, black- 

 walnut and hickory. 



JUGL ANS. —Walnut. 



Juglans cinerea Linne. — Butternut. 



Description. —iitammate flowers in long, simple, lateral catkins from 

 the wood of the preceding year ; calyx unequally 3- to 6-cleft. Stamens 12 

 to 40 ; filaments free, very short. Pistillate flowers solitary or clustered on 

 a peduncle at the end of the branches ; calyx 4-toothed, with 4 minute 

 petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short ; stigmas 2, club-shaped, slightly 

 fringed. Fruit oblong, with a clammy, fibrous-fleshy epicarp, and a very 

 hard, irregularly and deeply-furrowed endocarp, or nut-shell. 



A tree 20 to 50 feet high, with gray bark and widely spreading branches. 

 Leaves long, unequally pinnate ; leaflets 15 to 17, the lateral sessile, the 

 terminal petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, acuminate, 

 finely serrate, downy, especially beneath, the petioles and branchlets 

 downy with clammy hairs. 



Habitat. — In rich woods and in flelds ; everywhere common. 



Part Used. — The inner bark of the root — United States Pharmacojyoeia. 



Constituents. — The most important constituent thus far isolated from 

 butternut bark is a volatile acid, called by its discoverer juglandic acid, but 

 believed by other chemists to be identical with nucin, previously found in 

 the pericarp and leaves of Juglans regia Linne. To this substance is 

 doubtless due the greater part of the activity of the bark. 



Preparations. — Extractum juglandis — extract of juglans. — United States 

 Pharmacopoeia. 



Medical Properties and Uses. — Butternut is a mild cathartic, resembling 



