MILK LEGISLATION IN AMERICA 477 



the milk supply and of dairy products is not confined to the State 

 laws. Many of the larger municipalities, such as New York, 

 Philadelphia, and Chicago,^ possess legislative powers of con- 

 siderable magnitude. They are, in general, of a similar character 

 in various cities, and it will be sufficient if we illustrate such 

 municipal powers by the Sanitary Code of New York. The Board 

 of Health of New York have powers to exercise control over 

 milk by Sections 44, 51, 59, 63-66, 88, 135 of the Sanitary Code. 

 These sections provide against adulteration,- fraudulent sale, and 

 the inspection of dairies, byres, and cattle. No milk may be 

 received, held, kept, or offered for sale, or delivered in the City of 

 New York, without a permit in writing from the City Board of 

 Health, and subject to the conditions laid down by the Board. 

 The regulations in respect to tuberculosis in milch cattle in New 

 York are also very strict, and include the tuberculin test^ The 

 Department of Health of New York also issue circulars of in- 

 formation to farmers respecting the collection and care of milk, 

 and the relationship of bacteria to milk. Scrupulous cleanliness, 

 rapid cooling of milk to 45'' R, and quick transport, are the three 

 main principles upon which emphasis is laid. Information and 

 advice is also sent to railroad officials. On the whole, the New 

 York Health Department has probably done more in these 

 matters than any other local authority in the world. 



Mt is stated that since the Health Department of Chicago undertook the 

 supervision of the milk supply, deaths of children imder five years of age have 

 fallen 5 per cent. 



- The term "adulterated" means in this code (Section 63) — (a) milk contain- 

 ing more than 88 per cent, of water or fluid ; (^) milk containing less than 12 

 per cent, of milk solids ; {c) milk containing less than 3 per cent, of fat ; {d) milk 

 drawn from animals within fifteen days before or five days after parturition ; 

 {e) milk drawn from animals fed on distillery waste, or any substance in 

 a state of fermentation, or putrefaction, or on any unhealthy food ; 

 if) milk drawn from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition ; {£) milk 

 from which any part of the cream has been removed ; iji) milk which has been 

 adulterated with water or any other fluid, or to which has been added, or into 

 which has been introduced any foreign substance whatever ; {{) milk, the 

 temperature of which is higher than 50'' F. 



3 All persons, corporations, or companies, bringing milch cows into the City 

 of New York, shall furnish a certificate signed by a veterinarian who is a 

 graduate of a recognised veterinary college, with the date of graduation, and 

 the name of the college from which the degree was received, to the effect that 

 the said cows are free from tuberculosis as far as may be determined by 

 physical examination and the tuberculin test. Said certificate shall give a 

 number which has been permanently attached to each cow, and a description 

 sufficiently accurate for identification, stating the date (which must not be more 



