APPENDIX K 573 



indeed much to be desired that milk should be kept cool on its way to the 

 consumer in the City, but individuals could scarcely be expected to incur the 

 expense of this proceeding. 



Special precautions should be taken in respect of the following particulars : — 



1. Cleanliness of the cows. The flanks and udders of the cows should at 

 all times be kept in a state of strict cleanliness. There is good reason for 

 believing that the absence of care in this matter not only leads to great fatality 

 among children, but is one of the chief reasons why tuberculosis spreads amongst 

 the stock. 



2. No milker should be allowed to milk cows unless the hands have been 

 thoroughly cleaned immediately before milking, and conveniences for cleaning 

 the hands with soap and water should be supplied to the milkers. 



3. The cowshed should at all times be kept rigorously clean. It should be 

 cleaned out by sweeping twice a day, at such periods that no dust will be float- 

 ing in the atmosphere of the cowshed during the period of milking. 



4. The dairy' should be kept in a state of strict cleanliness, and all utensils 

 used for receiving, storing, or conveying milk should be washed with scalding 

 water before each time of using. 



5. The manure fi-om the cowshed, so soon as it is removed from the cowshed^ 

 should be taken to the midden-stead, which must not be in the immediate 

 \-icinity of the cowshed. The object aimed at will, however, be partly attained 

 by the erection at some distance from the cowshed of a midden-stead provided 

 A ith an impermeable floor and sides, and either covered over or drained into an 

 .mpermeable cesspool, at a distance of at least 20 yards fi-om the cowshed. If 

 the farm is supplied with water firom a weU, the well should be at least 100 feet 

 fi-om any collection of manure or midden. 



6. The cowshed should be thoroughly washed out from time to time in the 

 warm season, when it can rapidly get dr>', so as to remove all traces of tuber- 

 culous matter and other impurities. 



Strict cleanliness of the animals and of the cowshed, sufficient to remove 

 infectious dr>- material and to prevent its accumulation, is the most essential 

 thing, both in preventing milk from causing diarrhoea and in the struggle with 

 tuberculosis. 



Structural Conditions. 



Certain structural conditions are requisite in order that the milk may be 

 clean and fi-ee from disease : — 



A. The floor of each cowshed must be even, and should be composed of con- 

 crete slightly ribbed in that portion of the stall where the cows stand. Behind 

 the cows should be a cement concrete channel leading to a trapped drain outside 

 the cowshed. Between the channel and the waU, if any, behind should interpose 

 a sufficient space so that the cow's dung does not splash upon the wall. Many 

 floors are at present so uneven and otherwise imperfect that it is extremely diffi- 

 cult, and may be imp)ossible, to cleanse them. 



B. The cowshed should be well lighted throughout, otherwise cleanliness is 

 not to be looked for. There is no reason why every cowshed, fit for the purpose, 

 should not have abundant light, so that every part of it should be visible during 

 ordinary daylight. 



C. Every cowshed should be sufficiently and properly ventilated- That is ta 

 say, there should be introduced into it a sufficient supply of fi-esh air in such a. 



