90 REPORT OF i^TATE ROAKD OF FISH COMMISSIONERS. 



brooks from eggs of the steelhead remain in mountain streams from six 

 to thirty-six months, going down to the sea with the high waters of 

 spring, after which they return to spawn as typical steelhead trout. I 

 now regard this view as unfounded. In my experience the rainbow 

 and the steelhead are always distinguishable: the steelhead abounds 

 where the rainbow trout is unknown; the scales in the steelhead are 

 always smaller (about 155) than in typical rainbow trout; finally, the 

 small size of the head in the steelhead is always distinctive. 



The Kamloops trout, described by the writer from the upper Colum- 

 bia, seems to be a typical steelhead as found well up the rivers away 

 from the sea. Derived from the steelhead, but apparently quite distinct 

 from it, are three very noble trout, all confined so far as yet known to 

 Lake Crescent in northwestern Washington. These are the crescent 

 trout, Salmo crescentis, the Beardslee trout, Srdvio heardsleei, and the 

 long-headed trout, Salmo hathoecetor. The first two, discovered by 

 Admiral L. A. Beardslee, are trout of peculiar attractiveness and excel- 

 lence. The third is a deep-water form, never rising to the surface, and 

 caught only on set lines. Its origin is still uncertain, and it may be 

 derived from some type other than the steelhead. 



Cutthroat or Red-throated Trout. — This species has much smaller 

 scales than the rainbow trout or steelhead. the usual number in a 

 longitudinal series being IBO to 170. Its head is longer (about four 

 times in length to base of caudal). Its mouth is proportionately 

 larger, and there is alwa^'s a narroAv band of small teeth on the hyoid 

 bone at the base of the tongue. These teeth are always wanting in 

 Salvia iridevs and rivvlari^. in which species the rim of the tongue 

 only has teeth. The color in Salmo clarkii is, as in other species, 

 exceedingly variable. In life there is always a deep-red l)lotch on the 

 throat.. between the liranches of the lower jaw and the membrane con- 

 necting them. This is not found in other species, or is reduced to a 

 narrow strip or pinkish shade. It seems to be constant in all varieties 

 of Salmo darlii. at all ages, thus furnishing a good distinctive character. 

 It is the sign manual of the Sioux Indians, and the anglers have already 

 accepted from this mark the name of cutthroat trout. The cutthroat 

 trout of some species is found in every suitable river and lake in the 

 Great Basin of Utah, in the streams of Colorado, Wyoming, and 

 Montana, on both sides of the Rocky Mountains. It is also found 

 throughout Oregon. Washington, Idaho, British Columbia, the coast- 

 wise islands of southeastern Alaska (Baranof. etc.), to Kadiak and 

 Bristol Bay, probably no stream or lake suitable for trout-life being 

 without it. In California the species seems to be comparatively rare, 

 and its range rarely extending south of Cape Mendocino. Large sea- 

 run individuals analogous to the steelheads are sometimes found in the 

 mouth of the Sacramento. In Washington and Alaska this species 



