CONTENTS xv 



CHAPTER XI 



METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS . . . . . Il6 



Twenty years' records; comparison of results at two stations 

 at different altitudes ; bearing of the results on the activity 

 of radiation in different situations. 



CHAPTER XII 



SPRING FROSTS ........ 124 



Wind-frosts and radiation-frosts ; shelter hedges ; formation 

 of dew; radiators and absorbers; air drainage; injury by 

 cold ; prevention by smoke clouds, or by heating the trees or 

 the air; effect of the proximity of water, and of irrigation; 

 heating the air by small flames ; possible application in practice. 



CHAPTER XIII 



THE FRUITING OF TREES IN CONSECUTIVE SEASONS . . 132 



General beliefs ; preventing young trees from bearing ; methods 

 of observation ; extraneous conditions the chief factor in 

 determining the relative bearing of individual trees ; difference 

 in results obtained in two localities ; alternation of good and 

 poor seasons in a plantation; not traceable to alternation in 

 meteorological factors. 



CHAPTER XIV 



THE FLOWERING OF APPLE TREES ..... 14! 

 Date of blossoming in different years, and on different stocks ; 

 dates of blossoming and of ripening; relative behaviour of 

 different varieties in different seasons; duration of the blos- 

 soming period. 



CHAPTER XV 



INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, ETC. . '. . . .145 



Plant-sprays 



Synopsis of the solids, liquids and gases used for plant treat- 

 ment. 



CHAPTER XVI 



INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES, ETC. (continued) . . .151 



Paraffin and Paraffin Emulsions 



Paraffin oils, etc., used for spraying; emulsincation by soap; 

 variation in recipes; solar distillate; variation in activity 

 with the volatility of the oil; influence of weather conditions 

 on the results; dipping young trees in oil; spraying trees 

 with undiluted oil or strong emulsions; effect of paraffin 

 on the soil. The nature of emulsions; action of soap in 

 causing emulsification. De-emulsification ; solid emulsifiers; 

 quasi-emulsions ; recipes for emulsions for summer and winter 

 use; detergent action of soap; paranaph. Nature of the 

 action of paraffin on vegetable matter ; reducing character of the 

 action. 



b 



