UNIVERSITIES, SCHOOLS, STUD\ rs. 



borne it became the German nation, and this is the only name made use of 

 in the public documents after the return of Charles VII. to Paris in 1437 

 (Fig. 1). The Normandy nation had only one tribe, corresponding with the 

 province after which it was called ; while the Picardy nation, on the other 

 hand, had five, representing the five dioceses of Beauvais, Noyon, Amiens, 

 Laon, and Terouanne, otherwise called des Morins. 



The four nations together constituted at first the University of Studies, 

 but afterwards a fresh division was established, according to the order of the 

 studies of each nation, and the Faculties came into existence. From that 

 time forward, the distinction of nations only existed in the Faculty of Arts, 

 a denomination which comprised grammar, philosophy, and the humanities 

 as they were taught in the schools. Looked at from another point of view, 

 the liberal arts, so called, comprised the trivium, that is to say, grammar, 

 rhetoric, and dialectics ; v and the quadrifium, that is to say, arithmetic, 

 geography, music, and astronomy. 



When, we consider the position held by the Church in society during the 

 Middle Ages, it is not surprising that religious instruction should have been 

 taken in hand at once^ and have become the object of a special faculty, that 

 of Theology. When, some time later, the mendicant orders were founded 

 by St. Dominic and St. Franois, the ancient masters of theology and those of 

 the Faculty of Arts refused at first to have anything to do with the new-comers; 

 but they were compelled to do so by St. Louis and Pope Alexander IV., and 

 the useful co-operation of the allies whom it had at first repelled soon turned 

 to the profit and to the glory of the Faculty of Theology (Fig. 14). 



In 1151 a clerk from Bologna, called Gratian, having united under the 

 title of Decree the ancient and recent decisions of the ecclesiastical authorities, 

 which comprised the whole canonical jurisprudence, Pope Eugene III. 

 gave his approval to this compilation, and ordered it to be taught throughout 

 Christendom. Such was the origin of the Faculty of the Decree, which was 

 at first but a branch of the Faculty of Theology. At about the same period 

 the Pandects of the Emperor Justinianus, discovered at Amalfi, in Calabria, 

 added a very valuable source of documents to the study of law, which had 

 hitherto possessed no other bases than the Theodosian Code, the barbarous 

 laws and " capitularies " of the Kings of France. The labours of the Juris- 

 consults everywhere received a new impetus, and especially in the University 

 of Paris ; but notwithstanding it was not until much later that civil law 



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