20 UNIVERSITIES, SCHOOLS, STUDENTS. 



normal course of teaching after haying wrung from the Crown the repara- 

 tion which it had demanded at first (Fig. 21). 



It must, however, be admitted that the University could only earn such 

 victories as these at the cost of its own privileges, and with much injury to 

 itself ; for the masters, scattered here and there during the time that the 

 schools were closed, often co-operated in the foundation of rural universities 

 at the places where they had taken up a temporary residence, and settled 

 there permanently. Moreover, these periods of disturbance and strife were 

 taken advantage of by other teaching bodies, who lost no time in opening 

 schools, and in creating chairs, and who often obtained through the spiritual 

 or temporal authority the favour of being admitted, either by a bull or an 

 ordinance, into the University itself. It was in this way that in 1257 the 

 Dominicans, supported by Louis IX., who had been their pupil, and by the 

 popes, who had been their comrades, forced their way through the breach 

 into the University of Paris, and this in spite of the distrust and animosity 

 which their doctrines excited. ' It was in the same way that the University 

 was compelled to open its .ranks to, and confer the doctor's cap upon, Brother 

 Thomas Aquinas and Brother Bonaventura, who were the lights of the philo- 

 sophic schools, but who remained far more attached, the one to the Order of 

 St. Dominic, the other to that of St. Francis, than to the Faculty of 

 Theology. Moreover, the sort of moral and political omnipotence acquired 

 by the University in the Middle Ages was not the same at every epoch, 

 and it is easy to recognise in the course of its history different phases, in the 

 process of which its character, and tendencies underwent various modifications. 

 In the first period the Paris schools were but the emanation of the Church, 

 which was gradually becoming secularised. As the institution became more 

 and more stable, it got to be more in harmony with other establishments. In 

 the year 1200 Philip Augustus issued a charter, uniting the University into 

 one body, and endowed the multitude of students gathered together from all 

 parts of the world with very valuable privileges. From this laborious and 

 intellectual mass of students were recruited several popes and cardinals, a 

 great many archbishops or bishops, and a vast number of men of the 

 highest ability in other professions throughout the thirteenth century. Up 

 to the middle of the fourteenth century the authority and importance of the 

 University continued to increase. From 1297 to 1304 it was of material 

 aid to Philippe le Bel in his struggle with Pope Boniface VIII. In 1316, 



