22 UNIVERSITIES, SCHOOLS, STUDENTS. 



escorted by his military household, all fully armed, he rode through the 

 University quarter of the city without condescending to draw bridle to 

 hear the harangue of the rector, who had come out to meet him, followed by 

 all the officers and students. The University gave way, and this was her 

 last attempt to maintain by force her feudal prerogatives. 



The University ceased from this time to be the centre of intellectual 

 domination. Printing was invented about this time, and diffused the 

 instruments of study and knowledge in all directions. The Reformation 

 proclaimed the liberty of self-examination, and the free schools established 

 under the new religious ' doctrines throughout Europe obtained the pre- 

 ference. Paris ceased to be the exclusive source of science, but Rome 

 remained the sole focus of divine light. The University lost its unity and 

 its strength when it ceased to lean exclusively for support upon the Church 

 and the Crown. 



Having thus rapidly reviewed the vicissitudes which the University 

 underwent up to the sixteenth 'century, it becomes necessary to notice the 

 various, scholastic establishments which, affiliated to it, or independent of it 

 altogether, constituted the totality of the educational system in schools 

 during the Middle Ages. 



When Abelard came to Paris in 1107 he found two masters of great 

 reputation, who gave their lessons in the Bishop's house, by the side of the 

 cathedral. It was not far from this house, and at the very entrance to the 

 cloisters of Notre-Dame, where Canon Fulbert and his pupil Heloise lived, 

 that Abelard first opened his school. A few years later, William of Cham- 

 peaux resigned his archdeaconship, and withdrew to the priory of St. Victor, 

 upon the left bank of the Seine, outside the walls of the city, in order to 

 found a new school there. Abelard, expelled from the school which he 

 occupied in the city, near the episcopal residence, took refuge upon Mount 

 St. Genevieve, whither he was followed by his pupils. Notwithstanding, 

 the cathedral schools continuing to increase, and being short of room within 

 the enclosure of the city, were divided into two parts. The one, consisting 

 of artiens (students of Arts), crossed the bridge, and took up their quarters 

 close to the Church of St. Julian the Poor, which was a branch of the 

 Metropolitan Cathedral (Fig. 22). The theologians retained their residence 

 under the walls of Notre-Dame. It was in this way that the elements 

 which a century later constituted the University began to collect. In a 



