TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi 



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GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE .-. 265 



Latin and Greek Geographers. Measurement of the Roman World. Voyages of Hip- 

 palus and Diogenes. Marinus of Tyre, Pomponius Mela, and Ptolemy. Coloured 

 and Figurative Itineraries. Barbarian Invasions. Stephen of Byzantium. Geogra- 

 phical Ignorance from the Sixth to the Tenth Century. Charlemagne and Albertus 

 Magnus. Dicuil. Geography amongst the Arabs. Master Peter and Roger Bacon. L - 

 Vincent of Beauvais. Asiatic Travellers in the Thirteenth Century. Portuguese 

 Navigation. The Planisphere of Fra Mauro. First Editions of Ptolemy. Maritime 

 VjA"~Expeditions in the Fifteenth Century. Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci. 

 Spanish, Dutch, and FrenchJTravellers, &c., in the Sixteenth Century. 



HERALDIC SCIENCE . . 296 



The fabled Origin of Armorial Bearings. Heraldic Science during the Feudal Period. 

 The First Armorial Bearings in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. The Meaning 

 of the Colours and Divisions on the Shield. Kings of Arms and Heralds. Heraldic 

 Figures. Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes. Plants, Flowers, Fruits. The Legend of the 

 Fleur-de-lis. Emblematic Arms. Prevalence of Armorial Bearings in the Thirteenth 

 Century. Helmets and 'Crests. Mottoes and Emblems. Traders' Sign-boards. 

 Usurpers of Armorial Bearings. Decadence of the Science of Heraldry. 



PROVERBS 825 



Antiquity of Proverbs amongst all Nations. Proverbs in the Middle Ages. Solomon and 

 Marcoul. The Philosophers' Proverbs. Rural and Vulgar Proverbs. Guillaume de 

 Tignonville. Proverb^ of the Villeins. " Dit de 1'Apostoile." Historical Proverbs. 

 Proverbs in Works of Prose and Verse. French Proverbs in the Sixteenth Century. 

 Foreign Proverbs. The Use of Proverbs. Constable de Bourbon's Collection of 

 Proverbs. 



LANGUAGES 845 



The Origin of Languages. Decadence of the Latin Language. The Celtic and Teutonic 

 Languages. The Rustic Language. Common Neo-Latin Dialects. First Evidences 

 of the French Language. The Oath of Louis the German in 842. Laws of William 

 the Conqueror. The Oc and Oil Languages. Poem of Boethius. The " Chanson de 

 Roland." Fabliaux. The "Romance of the Rose." Villehardonin. The Sire de 

 Joinville. Froissart. Influence of Flemish Writers. Antoine de la Sale. The 

 "Cent Nouvelles nouvelles" and Villon. Hellenism and Italianism. Clement 

 Marot and Rabelais. Ronsard, Montaigne, and Malherbe. 



ROMANCES 863 



Origin of the Name Romance. Greek and Latin Romances. The Discussion of the 

 Savants as to the first French Romances. These Romances were the Emanation of 

 Popular Songs and Latin Chronicles. Ancient Romances in Prose and Rhyme. The 

 Three Materes (Metres) of the Chansont de Gette. Their Classification. Manuscripts 

 of the Jugglers. Assemblies and Troin-eurt. The " Chanson de Roland." Progress 

 of Romancerie (Ballad Songs) during the Crusades. Breton Romances. Tristan. 

 Launcelot. Merlin. The Holy Grail. Decadence of Romances in the Fourteenth 

 Century. Remodelling of the Early Romances.^^he Short Romances of the Fif- 

 teenth Century. Romance Abroad. The "Amadis." 



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