'38 



MEDICAL SCIENCES. 



by scouring the country with their lotions and quintessences. But at the 

 bottom of all this popular medicine lurked the most outrageous empiricism. 

 Yet the authorities of the large towns engaged municipal doctors, who, to 

 judge by the inscriptions on their tombs, were not devoid of ability, and 

 rendered considerable service. The public teaching of medicine followed the 

 fortunes of the Roman empire, and migrated from Rome to Byzantium in 

 the reign of Constantino. Yet the barbarians, in their repeated invasions, 

 did not destroy the schools at Treves, Aries, Bordeaux, and Marseilles. 

 Alexandria and Athens more especially continued to be luminous centres of 

 intellectual labour, though Greek medicine, which alone was taught there, 



.^ ^h rfjicognc ctt ntig opfeou cgrpticrrae totnc 0t popi'e te! 

 It J Ion la lop o:De plue cj touc lee nuf tree opfcaug ror ellc 

 M njat f c no uut q (K clj a to gncG inottee cm pzrc (ce t me 6 DC 

 (a mccoitOce tmictce cmugucfcs oeufe oeaferpcect fc purge 



Fig. 97. The Stork its own Doctor, as testified to by Papias. Fac-simile of a Wood Engraving 

 in the "Dyalogue des Creatures" (Gouda, Gerart Leeu, 1482, in folio). In the Library of 

 M. Ambroise Firmin-Didot, Paris. 



had embraced theories derived both from dogmatism and empiricism, which 

 continued to prevail throughout the Middle Ages. 



Oribasius of Pergamus, physician to the Emperor Julian the Apostate, 

 was, at the close of the fourth century, one of the last representatives of 

 pagan science : his writings, in which he had summarised the labours of 

 many Greek physicians, were adopted by the sect of Nestorians, who cultivated 

 more particularly philosophy and medicine. The Nestorian school of Edessa 

 soon eclipsed the school of Alexandria, and shared the renown attaching to the 

 Athens school ; but as at Edessa the propagation of Nestorianism was mixed 

 up with scientific teaching, the school suffered, from the persecution which 

 the Eastern emperors, Theodosius II. and Leo the Isaurian, waged against the 



