'44 



MEDICAL SCIENCES. 



and founded schools there, which in a short time contributed to the spread 

 'of science in France, Belgium, and Germany. (See Chapter I., Universities.) 

 Medicine continued, as before, to be one of the branches of philosophy. 



When the municipal regime arose upon the ruins of the empire of 

 Charlemagne, when the spirit of independence and isolation gave laymen a 

 share with ecclesiastics in civil functions, a struggle of interest and vanity 

 commenced between these two distinct classes, which composed society at 

 that tune. The monks soon saw that if they were to retain their monopoly 



Fig. 100. Cure through the Intercession of a Healing Saint. Fac-simile of a Wood Engraving 

 attributed to Holbein, in the German Translation of the " Consolation of Philosophy," by 

 Boethius, Augsburg Edition, 1537, in folio. 



in medicine, threatened by the laymen, they must extend their knowledge 

 both of medicine and of surgery ; and the consequence was that as 

 physicians they made great progress. The monastic rules laid down the 

 study of the " De Re Medica," a treatise by Celsus, who was styled the 

 Latin Hippocrates. Moreover, numbers of monks and priests left their 

 cloisters and dioceses to wander through the land, devoting themselves to the 

 relief of suffering humanity. Of these were Thieddeg, doctor to Boleslns, 

 King of Poland ; Hugh, Abbot of St. Denis ; and others. The illustrious 



