MI'.DICAL SCIENCES. 15 1 



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;uul Granada wore NO famous in the regenerated world of arts and sciences 

 that the neighbouring nations also created schools which attempted to rival 

 them. Thus as early as the twelfth century the schools of medicine at 

 Montpellier and Paris (Figs. 103 and 104) acquired a certain celebrity, just 

 as in Italy, a little later, the schools of Bologna, Modena, Fcrrara, Milan, 

 Naples, Parma, Padua, and Pa via became famous. The quickening sap of 

 university teaching began to flow through the veins of every European 

 nation. 



The Papal bulls ordering the establishment of the Faculties at Montpellier, 

 Salerno, and Paris settled the discipline to be observed by the students and 

 the hierarchy amongst the masters by the creation of new degrees and 

 dignities. But though to study medicine or surgery in the Universities of 

 Italy and Sicily it was still necessary to be a clerk that is to say, an eccle- 

 siastic and tonsured this rule soon fell into disuse at the schools of Mont- 

 pellier and Paris. Nevertheless, to obtain the rank of Mnnd-r Phyxician or 

 Doctor at the Faculty of Montpellier, the candidate must be a clerk, and must 

 have undergone an examination before masters or doctors selected from the 

 staff of the college by the Bishop of Maguelonne ; to obtain the degree of 

 Surgeon a similar though less 'difficult examination was required, but the 

 candidate 1 need not be a clerk. The barbers, who did not quit the faculties of 

 medicine, and who merely practised minor surgery, had not to pass any 

 examination, except that which the masters of their corporation made them 

 undergo at the hands of members of their profession. 



In the kingdom of Naples any one desiring to practise as a doctor had to 

 undergo five years of medical study and two examinations for his license and 

 doctorate before masters of the school of Salerno, and then to spend a year 

 upon trial. The surgeon, before entering upon his functions, also had to 

 follow a special course of study for a twelvemonth, so as to become familiar 

 " with the anatomy of the human body, without which it is impossible to 

 undertake an operation in safety, or follow up the cure of the sick person 

 after the instrument has been employed." 



For some time the medical school of Bologna was the first in the world. 

 It owed its acknowledged superiority to Jacopo Bertinozzo, to Hugo and 

 Theodoric of Lucca, and, above all, to William Salicetti, born in 1200, not 

 less skilful as a surgeon than as a physician, who operated both in the camps, 

 the hospitals, and in many large towns, such as Bergamo, Venice, and Paviu, 



