i S 4 MEDICAL SCIENCES. 



weeks to Bologna, where the great anatomist Mundinus and his successor, 

 Bertreccius, practised dissection before an attentive assemblage of practitioners 

 from all parts of Europe (Fig. 105). 



Another set of professors belonging to the Jewish race, less brilliant and 

 more narrow in their teaching than those attached to the schools of Paris and 

 Montpellier, also enjoyed a certain celebrity in towns where the fanaticism of 

 the people against the Jews had been quelled by the authorities. From the 

 Carlovingian times, Metz, Mayence, Strasburg, Frankfort, Troyes, and 

 Avignon had maintained chairs, from which the rabbis, who were looked 

 upon by the Jews not merely as ministers of religion, but as the best advisers 

 on earthly matters as well, taught, after the glossology of cabalism and the 

 Scriptures as commentated by the Talmudists, the Hebrew language, philo- 

 sophy, moral philosophy, hygiene, and medicine. 



From the time that Lanfranc founded the St. Cosmo College at Paris, 

 surgery disencumbered itself more and more from its original barbarism. 

 In 1311 Philippe le Bel enacted that all surgeons in the kingdom should pass 

 an examination before the new surgical college, the members of which, 

 honoured with the confidence of the King and his ministers, caused great 

 umbrage to the Faculty of Medicine. This was the beginning of the long 

 struggle between the long-robed and the short-robed doctors (Fig. 106). 

 The faculty would not confer its degree of Bachelor upon students until 

 they swore never to practise surgery, and continued to exact from them 

 the oath of perpetual celibacy. The faculty also obtained from King John 

 (1352) a decree prohibiting any one who was not an apothecary, student, or 

 mendicant monk from practising medicine. These measures were taken with 

 a view of protecting the honours of the profession, but they proved far less 

 effectual than the labours of Guy de Chauliac (1363), author of the " Grande 

 Chirurgie," who, in his double capacity of physician and surgeon, raised the 

 reputation of the medical body to a very high pitch. 



Upon the other hand, the affiliation of Charles V. to the brotherhood of 

 St. Cosmo increased the pride of the surgeons, who were so injudicious as to 

 exhibit towards the barbers as much intolerance and contempt as the physi- 

 cians had shown towards themselves. The master barbers, "hampered in 

 their calling" by the surgeons, appealed to the King, who received their 

 appeal very favourably, and exempted them from doing duty as watchmen, 

 upon the ground, as the royal decree put it, that " the barbers being nearly 



