<,]:<>( ;K. i run \ \ i. .SY //:. \Y /:. 



King of Castile's flag had floated there since 1345, but the Portuguese 

 expeditions advanced as far as the mouth of Rio Grande, and founded 

 establishments at the islands off Cape Verde. In these successive explora- 

 tions, which lasted half a century, under the leadership of Gil Eanes (1442), 

 of Nuno Tristam (1443), of Alvaro Fernandez (1448), and of Cadamosto 

 (1454 56), hydrographic surveys had been made of about a third of the 



C.MARA0JVH 



Fig. 203. John de Mandeville, a celebrated English Traveller, taking leave of King Edward III., 

 before his Departure for "beyond the Seas." Miniature from the " Merveilles du Monde." 

 Manuscript of the early part of the Fifteenth Century. In the National Library, Paris. 



African coast, as far as the great South Cape. After the death of Prince 

 Henry, Joiio de Santarem and Pedro de Escalona, who had explored the 

 Guinea coast in 1471, crossed the line and opened up the navigation of the 

 southern hemisphere. In 1484 Diego Cam reached the sixth degree of 

 southern latitude at the mouth of the Zaire, and two years later Bartholomew 



