BOTANY 59 



Pharmacie, and the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. The 

 laboratories are well equipped and rich in material, and 

 the investigators in charge are constant contributors to 

 botanical literature. Among the more notable teachers 

 and investigators now available are the following: 



At the Sorbonne, BONNIER lectures upon the chem- 

 istry of plant nutrition, a fundamental subject in scien- 

 tific agriculture. MOLLIARD supplements the point of 

 view developed by BONNIER, by means of lectures in the 

 physics of plants. Together these two courses intro- 

 duce the student to the great modern field of plant 

 physiology. In addition, MATRUCHOT is an authority 

 upon the lower plant groups (algae, fungi, and bacteria), 

 and includes in his work with these groups a course in 

 plant pathology. 



At the Ecole superieure de Pharmacie, a notable 

 figure is that of GUIGNARD, pioneer in modern morphol- 

 ogy, whose discoveries and technique in this field are 

 surpassed in no laboratory. His material includes chiefly 

 the higher plants, but associated with him is RADAIS, 

 an authority in cryptogams. The whole range of plant 

 morphology, therefore, is presented by these two in- 

 vestigators. 



At the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle a notable group 

 of three investigators supplement one another, and offer 

 a wide range af opportunity. LECOMTE deals with the 

 phanerogams, while MANGIN is a specialist in cryptogams. 

 Perhaps the unique opportunity, however, is offered by 

 COSTANTIN in his remarkable work on the scientific 

 culture of plants. Recently he has solved the riddle of 

 orchid culture, discovering that an associated parasite is 

 necessary for seed germination. This indicates the 

 fundamental nature of his culture studies. 



Opportunities Outside of Paris. There are at least 

 three botanical institutions outside Paris that deserve 



