222 PHILOLOGY 



1 6th century, and notably by H. ESTIENNE, who found 

 their source in popular rather than in literary Latin. 

 To that century belongs also the first edition of the 

 invaluable " Glossarium ad Scriptores mediae et infimae 

 Latinitatis" by Du CANGE. Nevertheless, despite some 

 lexicographical and speculative studies, Romance phil- 

 ology made little headway for some two hundred and 

 fifty years. Then, between 1815 and 1845, appeared 

 the stimulating works, " Grammaire romane," "Grammaire 

 comparee des langues de 1'Europe latine," "Lexique 

 roman, ou Dictionnaire de la langue des troubadours," 

 of F. J. M. RAYNOUARD, a pioneer who might have 

 anticipated Diez, had he been more accurately schooled 

 in phonology, and less dominated by a preconceived idea 

 that mediaeval Provencal (or "Roman," as he called 

 it) represented an intermediate stage between Latin and 

 all the modern forms of Romance speech. His " Lexique," 

 with a recent supplement by LEVY, is still the standard 

 Old Provencal dictionary. The Old French vocabulary 

 was industriously listed by F. GODEFROY in his "Dic- 

 tionnaire de 1'ancienne langue francaise" (1881-1902). 

 Meanwhile (1872-79) E. LITTRE had published his 

 historical "Dictionnaire de la langue francaise," a model 

 for all subsequent lexicographers, and in particular for 

 A. HATZFELD, A. DARMESTETER, and A. THOMAS, authors 

 of the "Dictionnaire general de la langue frangaise" 

 (1890-1900), which marks a further progress in the 

 treatment of etymology, semantics, and pronunciation. 



For many years the most commanding figure in the 

 Romance field, after the death of Diez, was his pupil, 

 Gaston PARIS (1839-1903), who first came into promi- 

 nence in 1861 with his "Etude sur le role de 1'accent latin 

 dans la langue franchise." Beside him stood A. DAR- 

 MESTETER (1846-88), investigator of the formation and 

 the life of words, and Paul MEYER, who with Paris 



