PHILOSOPHY 265 



others. In Protestant circles Auguste SABATIER has origi- 

 nated a new and profound doctrine in his works : " Esquisse 

 d'une philosophic de la religion d'apres la psychologic 

 et 1'histoire " and " Les religions d'autorite et la religion de 

 Pesprit." French scientists have always shown a veritable 

 genius for developing the logic of their own methods 

 and subjecting them to criticism. Within the last third of 

 a century scientific logic and methodology has been almost 

 completely transformed by the works of Claude BERNARD, 

 Ant. COURNOT, Paul and Jules TANNERY, LECHALAS, 

 COUTURAT, DUHEM, PICARD, PERRiN, BOREL, Pierre 

 BOUTROUX, Henri and Lucien POINCARE, BLOCK, WINTER, 

 MEYERSON, and many others. Highly important contri- 

 butions have been made to the fields of ethics, aesthetics, 

 history of philosophy, psychology and social philosophy. 

 Inadequate as such a brief sketch as this must be in even 

 suggesting the full originality of French philosophical 

 thought, still it must suffice, since the prospective student 

 of philosophy in France is likely to be more interested 

 in the actual organization of the courses in the French 

 schools to-day than in the achievements of the past. 



Instruction at the Universities. Paris. It is a trite 

 statement that Paris is the intellectual center of France; 

 yet so far at least as philosophy is concerned this is 

 literally true. The courses at the Faculty of Letters of 

 the University of Paris and at the College de France 

 represent only a small portion of the entire philosophical 

 activity of the capital. Outside the University teaching 

 staff are many men prominent in the philosophical 

 world: editors and staff -men of the various publications 

 and men in private life, such as X. LEON, H. BERR, P. 

 GAULTIER, L. DAURIAC, R. BERTHELOT, L. WEBER, M. 

 WINTER, Fr. PAULHAN, G. PALANTE; administrators of the 

 educational system, such as L. LIARD, G. BELOT, J. 



