336 ZOOLOGY 



and the physiologist. Lacaze-Duthiers, by numerous 

 researches, by his stimulating influence on students, and 

 by his editorship of the "Archives de Zoologie experimen- 

 tale et generate " did much to further the progress of 

 comparative anatomy. 



(5) General Physiology. On the physiological side 

 there has been no investigator that has surpassed Claude 

 BERNARD (1813-1878) either in the profundity of his 

 researches or in his influence on the progress of physiology. 

 Building upon the work of HARVEY, of HALLER, and of 

 Johannes MUELLER, he broadened physiology and gave 

 to it a distinctly modern aspect. His "Introduction a 

 1' etude de la medecine experimentale " (1865) establishes 

 his rank as the foremost expounder of experimental 

 physiology. Among his notable researches is the dis- 

 covery of the glycogonic function, or sugar formation 

 of the liver, one of the first and most complete studies 

 of internal secretions. He also discovered the existence 

 of vaso-motor nerves and experimentally observed their 

 influence in regulating the blood supply to different parts 

 of the body. The first comprehensive treatment of 

 general physiology was contained in his now classic 

 "Lemons sur les phenomenes de la vie communs aux 

 animaux et aux vegetaux." He gave a tremendous 

 impulse to physiology, and takes rank with the foremost 

 men of all time who have worked in this field. 



Lamarck, Claude Bernard, and Pasteur, who may be 

 said to have opened in biology the broad fields of evolu- 

 tion, physiology, and preventive medicine, represent a 

 triumvirate of strength and ability worthy to stand with 

 the limited number of scientific men who have produced 

 results of the highest value to the intellectual world. 



On these broad foundations, which were added to by 

 the productive minds of other nations, the French 

 developed a line of university studies that make a strong 



