INSTITUTIONS, DEGREES, ETC. 405 



present two or three "certificats d'etudes superieures de sciences 

 d'Etat," or other degrees and diplomas judged by the Faculty to 

 be equivalent. The preparation and defence of a thesis and oral 

 (sometimes written) examinations on problems or subject matter 

 indicated in advance by the Faculty. The term of study required 

 is one year, except at the University of Montpellier where it is 

 two years. The fees for matriculation, examinations, thesis, and 

 diploma vary from 80 to 180 francs. In addition to this, labora- 

 tory fees run from 200 to 800 francs, according to the line of 

 work. 



Doctoral de I'Universite, mention Lettres. Conferred by the 

 Universities of Paris, Aix-Marseille, Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, 

 Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, 

 Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse. Open to any French or 

 foreign student who presents the "licence es lettres," or other 

 degrees or diplomas judged equivalent or otherwise sufficient by 

 the Faculty. The required term of study is usually two years, 

 one of which must be passed in residence at the University where 

 the degree is sought, while the other may be spent in another 

 French university, in some cases even in a foreign university. 

 However, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Nancy, and Toulouse require 

 only one year of study, while Rennes requires three. The prepara- 

 tion and defence of a thesis and an oral examination on problems 

 or subject matter indicated in advance by the Faculty. The 

 fees for matriculation, examination, thesis, and diploma vary from 

 100 to 200 francs. 



Doctor at de V University mention Pharmacie. Open to French 

 students who present the"diplome de pharmacien,"and to foreign 

 students who obtain by examination the "certificat d'etudes de 

 pharmacie chimique et de toxicologie" and the "certificat de 

 pharmacie galenique et de matiere medicale," or who present 

 degrees and diplomas recognized as equivalent. The term of 

 study is one year. Preparation and defence of a thesis. The 

 fees for matriculation, laboratory, examination, and thesis vary from 

 530 to 730 francs. 



(2) "Certificats d'etudes Franqaises ," "Diplome d'etudes fran- 

 qaises" etc. Open only to foreigners, without any requirement as 

 to degrees or titles. The term of study is usually one semester at 

 least. The fees are usually 30 francs for matriculation and from 

 20 to 50 francs for the examination. All the French Universities 



