COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 183 



60. ONOPORDON. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4-angled. Pappus not plrmoee. Recep- 

 tacle honeycombed. 



70. LAPPA. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Recep- 



tacle bristly. 



SUBORDER H. LIGULIFLOR-E. 



Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 

 fect Herbs with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 



* Pappus none. 



71. LAMPSANA. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. 



* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 



72. CICHORIUM. Pappus a small crown of little bristle-form scales. Involucre double. 



73. KRIGIA. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 6 bristles. 



74. CYNTHIA. Pappus double ; the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of 



numerous long capillary bristles. 



* * * Pappus plumose. 

 76. LEONTODON. Bristles of the pappus several, chaffy-dilated at the base. 



* * * * Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. 

 *- Pappus tawny or dirty white : achenia not flattened or beaked. 



76. HIERACrUM. Achenia oblong : pappus a single series. Flowers yellow. Scales of tt.e 



involucre unequal. 



77. NABALUS. Achenia cylindrical : pappus copious. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scale* 



of the involucre equal. 



*- - Pappus bright white, except in No. 80 and in one Mulgedium. 



78. TROXIMON. Achenia linear-oblong, not beaked. Pappus of copious and unequal bris- 



tles, some of them rigid. 

 79 TARAXACUM. Achenia long-beaked, terete, ribbed. Pappus soft and white. 



80. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Achenia long-beaked, nearly terete. Pappus soft, reddish or tawny. 



81. LACTUCA. Achenia abruptly long-beaked, flat. Pappus soft and white. 



82. MULGEDIUM. Achenia flattish, with a short thick beak. Pappus soft Flowers blue. 

 88. SONCHUS. Achenia flattish, beakless. Pappus very soft and fine. Flowers yellow. 



1. VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED. 



Heads 15 -many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo- 

 lucre shorter than the flowers, of many appressed closely imbricated scales. 

 Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the outer 

 of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. Peren- 

 nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly purple flowers. (Named in honor 

 of Mr. Vemon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.) 



1. V. NoveboracensiS, Willd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a 

 kmg bristle-form or awl-shaped spreading appendage or awn; in some varieties 

 merely pointed. Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia ; and river- 

 banks in the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. A tall 

 coarse weed with lanceolate or oblong leaves. 



2. V. fasciculata, Michx. Scales of the involucre (all but the lowest) 

 rounded and obtuse, without appendage. Prairies and river-banks, Ohio to Wis- 

 consin and southward. Aug. Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads 

 mostly crowded. Very -variable, and passing into No. 1. 



