214 COMPOSITES. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.^ 



4-toothed crown. Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with 

 opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow 

 flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.) 



1. B. frutcscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence 

 (6 '-12' high) ; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the 

 base ; chaff rigidly pointed. Virginia and southward. 



35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. OX-EYE. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the 

 involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; \he outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner 

 shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4- 

 angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. 

 Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite, 

 petioled, triple-ribed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of qXios, 

 the sun, and o\^is, appearance, from a resemblance to the Sunflower.-) 



1. H. let'vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1 -4 high); leaves ovate-lanceo- 

 late or oblong-ovate. Var. SC!BKA has roughish foliage, and the involucre 

 somewhat hoary. Banks and copses; common. Aug. 



36. ECIIINACEA, Mcench. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but 

 sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle 

 conical ; the lanceolate chaff tipped with a cartilaginous point, longer than the 

 disk-flowers. Achenia thick and short, 4-sided. Pappus a small toothed border. 

 Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and ter- 

 minated by a single large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-nerved. Rays 

 rose-purple, rather persistent ; disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E^Ti/os, the 

 Hedgehog, or Sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.) 



1. E. purpurea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest 

 ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbri- 

 cated in 3-5 rows; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. serotina, DC.) rough- 

 bristly, as well as the leaves. Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio 

 southward and westward. July. Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 

 1 ' - 2' long. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular med- 

 icine under the name of Black Sampson. 



2. E. angustifolia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender sin: pie stem, 

 In-istlij-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire ; involucre less imbri- 

 cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. Plains, from Illinois and Wis- 

 consin south westward. June - Aug. 



37. RUDBECKIA, L. CONE-FLOWER. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre 

 leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnai , the short 

 chaff concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not margined, flat at the 



