258 COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 



margined petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely 

 exceeding the disk ; rays 12- 15. River-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and 

 southward. A coarse species, with ample leaves (the lower often 1 long) ; the 

 upper ones frequently alternate; rootstock thickening into elongated tubers. 

 This is probably the original of 



20. H. TUBER6sus, L., the JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, (i. e. Girasole of the 

 Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jerusa- 

 lem], which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into 

 fence-rows, &c. in some places. 



40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. ACTINOMERIS. 



Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In- 

 volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical, 

 chaffy ; the chaff embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed) 

 and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. Tall and branch- 

 ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and 

 mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name 

 from OKTI'S, a ray, and //.epi'y, a part ; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.) 



1. A. squarrbsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winged above (4 -8 

 high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed 

 at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the involucre in 2 

 rows, the outer linear-spatulate, reftexed ; rays 4-10, irregular ; achenia broadly 

 winged; receptacle globular. Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York (Sartwell) 

 to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept. 



2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy (l-3 high), widely winged by 

 the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft- 

 hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not spreading; rays 8-15, 

 regular ; achenia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns ; receptacle 

 conical. Prairies and copses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July. 



41. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. 



Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 

 Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some- 

 what spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. 

 Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia 

 flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, 

 not beaked or narrowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at 

 the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. Herbs, generally with op- 

 posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from 

 Kopiff, a bug, and ox/as, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.) 



2. Branches of the style truncate : ray a rose-color: disk yellow : root perennial. 



1. C. rdsea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (6'- 20' high) ; leaves 

 opposite, linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ; 

 outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless > pappus 

 an obscure crown-like border. Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa- 

 chusetts, to New Jersey, and southward : rare. Aug. 



