452 CUPULIFER^E. (OAK FAMILY.) 



Var. htimilis, Marsh. (DWARF CHESTNUT- or CHINQUAPIN-OAK.) 

 (Q. pumila, Michx. Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin, Michx. /., A. DC. Q. pri- 

 noides, Witid. & Ed. 2.) Foliage as in one other of the preceding forms; 

 acorns and cups similar, but mostly smaller (abundant, sessile or nearly so) ; 

 but is a shrub, only 2 -4 high; seemingly therefore a distinct species, but 

 no good character is found. Poor soil, sandy barrens, &c., S. New England 

 and New York to Wisconsin and southward. 



* * * LIVE OAKS. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rarefy spiny-toothed. 



6. Q. virens, Ait. (LIVE OAK.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical, 

 hoary beneath as well as the branchlets ; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3- 

 fruited ; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one 

 mass. Coast of Virginia and southward. Farther south becoming a large 

 tree : timber invaluable. 



2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED ; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the second year, 

 therefore on old wood below the leaves of the season : peduncles short and thick or 

 none: kernel bitter; the abortive ovules at the apex of the seed: calyx of sterile 

 flowers 2 - 5-parted : stamens 3-5. 



* Leaves entire or with a few teeth, or somewhat 3-5-lobed at t% summit, coriaceous, 

 inclined to be persistent southward, but none of them really evergreen at the north, 

 the tips or lobes commonly bristle-pointed: acorns globular, small, at most only 6" 

 long. (Intermediate forms, in certain cases probably hybrids, occur between all 

 these species and some of the next section.) 



H- Leaves not dilated upwards, generally entire : acorn globose. 



7. Q. cinferea, Michx. (UPLAND WILLOW-OAK.) Hoariness and shape 

 of the leaves as in No. 6, but commonly more lance-oblong or lanceolate, and 

 rather more downy beneath, and the shallow cups and globular acorns as in the 

 next. Dry pine-barrens, from E. Virginia southward. 



8. Q. Phfllos, L. (WiLLOW-OAK.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to 

 both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3' -4' long); cup saucer-shaped. Sandy 

 low woods, Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. Tree 

 30 - 50 high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves. 



9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (LAUREL or SHINGLE OAK.) Leaves lan- 

 ceolate-oblong, thickish, smooth and shining above, downy underneath, the down 

 commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. Barrens and 

 open woodlands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. Tree 30 -50 

 high ; the wood used for shingles in the Western States, whence the specific 

 name. 



-- *- Leaves thick, widening or often much dilated upwards, when they are more or kss 

 sinuate or somewhat 3 - 5-lobed: acorns globular-ovoid. 



10. Q. aquatica, Catesby, (WATER-OAK.) Leaves glabrous and shining, 

 oboi-ate-spatulate or narrowly wedge-form, with a long tapering base, and an often ob- 

 scurely 3-lobed summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi- 

 spherical. Wet grounds, around ponds, &c., Maryland to Virginia and south- 

 ward. Tree 30 -40 high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ; 

 the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-pmnatind ; 

 then mostly bristle-pointed. 



