XXXV 



SYNOPSIS. 



Introductory Matter, i. i— i. 5. 



i. Scientific methods a part of general education i. i, 



ii. The method of biology and questions relating thereto. 



a. Whether generic or specific characters should be first considered. 



/8. Whether phenomena or their causes should be first considered. 



7. The materialistic view of previous writers, and the several meanings 



of "necessity." 

 5. The relative importance of the material and final causes, and the 



propriety of taking both into account. 

 e. The insufficiency of Dichotomy or division by a single diflFerentia, 



and the advantages of the natural method or classification by 



many differentiae i. 2 — i. 4. 



iii. A defence of the study of animal structure, as not ignoble i. 5. 



iv. The plan of this treatise to take the parts in succession, and enquire what 

 share Necessity and the Final Cause respectively have in their formation. 



The Three Degrees of Composition ii. i — end of treatise. 



i. The mutual relations of the three ii. 1. 



ii. The first degree. Physical substances ii. 2 — ii. 3. 



2. I/oi and cold. 3. Solid and fluid. 



iii. The second degree. Homogeneous parts or tissues ii. 4 — ii. 9. 



4. Blood. 5. Fat. 6. Marrow. 7. Brain. 8. Flesh. 9. Bone. 



iv. The third degree. Heterogeneous parts or organs ii. 10 — end of treatise. 



A. In Sangoineons Animals ii, 10 — iv. 4, and iv. 10 — end of treatise. 



a. Organs of the Head ii. lo — iii. 2. 



10. Brain and organs of sense. II, 12. Ears. 13, 14, 15. Eye' 

 lids and Eyelashes. i6. Nostrils, Lips, 1 7. Tongue. 

 iii. I. Teeth. 2. Horns. 



$. Organs of the Neck iii. 3. 



3. (Esophagus; Trachea; Epiglottis. 



y. Visceral Organs iii. 4 — iii. 13, iv. i — iv. 4. 



4. Heart. 5. Blood vessels. 6. Lung. 7. Liver, Spleen. 

 8. Bladder. 9. Kidneys, 10. Diaphragm. II. Fibrous 

 membranes. 12. Viscera of different groups compared. 

 13. Viscera compared -with flesh, iv. i. Peculiarities of 

 viscera in ovipara, 2. Gall bladder, 3. Omentum. 

 4. Mesentery. 



5. External parts iv. ID — iv. 14. 



ID. Invivipara. II, In reptiles. 12. In birds. 13. In flshes 

 and intermediate groups, cetacea, seals, bats. 14. In the 

 ostrich, 



B. In Bloodless Animals iv, 5 — iv. 9. 



a. Internal parts iv. 5. 



/3, External parts iv. 6 — iv, 9. 



6. In insects. 7. In testacea. 8. In Crustacea, 9. In 

 cephalopods. 



