* • iii. 14- ' 87 



these parts uniformly alike in all animals. Thus the stomach 

 is single in all such sanguineous and viviparous animals as have 

 teeth in front of both jaws. It is single therefore in all the 

 polydactylous kinds, such as man, dog, lion, and the rest ; in all 

 the solid-hoofed animals also, such as horse, mule, ass ; and in 

 all those which like the pig, though their hoof is cloven, yet 

 have front teeth in both jaws.^ . When, however, an animal is of 

 large size, and feeds on substances of so thorny and ligneous a 

 character as to be difficult of concoction, it may in consequence 

 have several stomachs, as for instance is the case with the camel. 

 A similar multiplicity of stomachs exists also in 'the horned 

 animals ; the reason being that horrt-bearing animals have no 

 front teeth in. the upper jaw. The camel also, though it. has 

 no horns, is yet without upper front teeth.^ The explanation 

 of this is that it is more essential for the camel to have a 

 multiple stomach than to have these teeth. Its stomach, then, 

 is shaped like that of animals without upper front teeth, and, 

 its dental arrangements being such as to match its stomach, 

 the teeth in question are wanting.* They would indeed be of 

 no service. Its food, moreover, being of a thorny character, 

 and its tongue necessarily made of a fleshy substance,^ nature 

 uses the earthy matter which is saved from the teeth to give 

 hardness to the palate.^ The camel ruminates like the horned 

 animals, because its multiple stomach resembles theirs. For all 

 animals that have horns, the sheep for instance, the ox, the 

 goat, the deer, and the like, have several stomachs. For since 

 the mouth, owing to its " lack of teeth, fails to perform- its due 

 office as regards the food, this multiplicity of stomachs is intended 

 to supply its place ; the several cavities receiving the food one 

 from the other in succession ; the first taking the unreduced 

 substances, the second the same when somewhat reduced, the 

 third when reduction is complete, and the fourth when the 

 whole has become a smooth pulp. Such is the reason why 

 there is this multiplicity of parts and cavities in animals with 

 such dentition. The names given to the several cavities are 

 the paunch, the honey-comb, the manyplies and the reed. How 

 these parts are related to each other, in position and in shape, 

 must be looked . for in the treatises on Anatomy and the 

 Researches concerning Animals."" 



Birds also present variations in the part which acts as a recipient 

 674b. 



