Notes, i. I. 147 



while in the natural object the moulding principle is within; for the soul or principle 

 of life informs the body not as an external independent force, but as an indwelling 

 inseparable influence. It is comparable, not to a physician acting upon another person, 

 but to a physician curing himself {P/iys. ii. 8, 15). As to hot and cold, cf ii. I, Note 3. 



20.^ Compare this with the poetical account of the creation in the Timaeus. The 

 secondary Gods are there represented as borrowing portions of the body of the Cosmos 

 to form the bodies of men and animals ; while the Demiurgus gives the surplus of what 

 had formed the cosmical soul to form their intellectual soul. 



21. 'The question whether the Heavens were or were not generated is discussed else- . 

 where and answered in the negative {De Cash, i. io, ii. l). 



22. Cf. Fhys. ii. 4 for a similar passage. 



23. Potentiality and Actuality are discussed in the Metaphysics (viii. 6 — 8). The 

 distinction between them, says A., will be better set forth by giving examples than 

 definitions. What, then, an animal awake is to an animal asleep ; what an animal 

 gazing is to an animal with its eyes shut ; what the perfected work is to the raw material ; 

 what the \t'rought is to the unwrought, that is Actuality to Potentiality ; the relation 

 being sometimes that of a body in motion to the same body at rest, sometimes that of 

 form to matter. In the order of thought Actuality is anterior to Potentiality > for we 

 cannot understand nor define the Potential without first understanding and defining 

 the Actual. That which is "able to build" or that which is "capable of sight" 

 presupposes for its comprehension and definition that which does build and that which 

 does see. In order of time or material existence Actuality is in one sense posterior to 

 Potentiality, in another anterior to it. It is posterior, if we only regard the individual ; 

 for before an individual man can actually exist in matter, the potential germ must exist, 

 that is to give rise to him. It is however anterior, if we regard not the individual 

 but the species ; for before the germ, that is the Potential, came into being, there must 

 have been an actual man, similar to though not identical with the man that is to be 

 produced, to give origin to the germ. 



24. As A. has fully explained what he means by Hypothetical Necessity only a few 

 pages back, it is strange that he should now deaj with it again in terms that seem to 

 imply that he is stating something quite new. Very possibly the whole of this long 

 paragraph is an interpolation. 



25. Elsewhere {Metaph. iv. 5) A. speaks of three kinds of necessity, Absolute necessity, 

 Necessity of coercion, as when a weaker agent is constrained by a stronger one, and 

 Hypothetical necessity. There is also another passage {^Phys. ii. 9) in which he deals 

 with necessity, and distinguishes, as in the text, two kinds^ Absolute and Hypothetical. 

 Plainly, however, it can be to neither of these passages that he is now referring. The 

 passage wherever it is, or was, must have been one in which the two modes of necessity 

 distinguished from each other were Absolute and Coercive necessity. It may perhaps 

 have been contained in the lost dialogue on Philosophy ; concerning which see Heitz, 

 Die verier. Schrift. d. Arist. 179. 



f6. " The natural philosopher must deal with both causes; and more especially with 

 thQ final cause. For this is the cause of the material, and not the material the cause 

 of it" {^Phys. ii. 9, 5). So also Plato {JaweWs Tr. ii. 540, S41) ; "Now the lover of 

 intellect and knowledge ought to explore causes of intelligent nature first of all ; and 

 secondly those which are moved of others and of necessity move others. And this 

 is what we also must do. Both kinds of causes should be considered by us, but a 

 separation should be made of those which are endowed with mind, and are the workers 

 of things fair and good, and those which are deprived of intelligence and accomplish 



