Notes, ii. 4. i6i 



formed of fibrous matter ; thus anticipating the discovery usually said to have been 

 made by Malpighi (cf. M. Edwards, Lemons, i. 1 15). What A. did not discover and what 

 Malpighi did, was that by washing the coagulum tHe red colour could be discharged, 

 and the fibres shown to be white. 



That A. paid much attention to the coagulation of the blood is plain. It \vill be 

 seen, that several of his remarks on the proportion of coagulum .and serum in different 

 animals harmonize with modern observations. Elsewhere, moreover, he notices [^Meteor. 

 iv. 7, 1 1 ) that the blood in certain diseased conditions will not coagulate. .This is known 

 to be the case in cholera, certain fevers, asphyxia, etc. This fact was probably got 

 from Hippocrates, who bled largely. 



2. Elsewhere {H. A. iii. 6, 2), besides the deer and roe, the bubalis (antelope) and 

 hare are mentioned as having blood that does not coagulate so fully as that of other 

 animals. All these are animals that are hunted; and it is well known that John 

 Hunter, finding the blood fluid, or only slightly thickened, in two deer that had been ' 

 hunted to death {Hunter's Works, i. 239), formed the opinion that the blqod under such 

 circurnstances completely loses its power of coagulation. Mr. Gulliver \HewsorCs Works, 

 p. 25). shows by instances that this is not the case; coagulation sometimes at any rate 

 occurring, though imperfectly. We may fairly suppose that the animals examined by 

 A. had been hunted to death ; and though he speaks in this passage of an entire 

 absence of coagulation, in the Hist. An. he admits an imperfect degree of it. "In the 

 blood of most animals there are fibres ; but none in that of deer, roes, antelopes and 

 some others ; so that their blood does not coagulate similarly to that of other animals. 

 The blood of deer however coagulates in about the same measure as that of hares. In 

 both of these coagulation occurs, but the coagulum is not firm as in other animals, ' 

 but flabby, like the clot in milk when no rennet is used. The blood of the antelope 

 coagulates rather more completely, indeed only a little less fully than that of sheep." 

 In the last clause of this paragraph I followed the MS. in my College library which 

 omits ^l/vxp^y- 



3. Cf. ii. 2, Note 5. 



4. Fear and a "blood-frozen heart" have been everlastingly coupjed together by 

 writers of all ages. See Hamlet, i. 4 ; Faery Queen, i. ix. 25 ; Virgil, Ain. 3, 40, etc. 

 The notion is of course founded on the fact that many of the external signs of fear, 

 as pallor, shivering, erection of hair, are identical with the signs of intense cold. There 

 is an apparent confusion in the passage in the text as to which is cause, and which effect ; 

 fear being first said to chill the blood,- and then chilled blood to lead to fear. The 

 contradiction 'is only on the surface. In every emotion, says A. (Z>. ^. i. l), there are 

 two factors, one bodily the other psychical. These two factors are so closely associated 

 with each other, that, when either is in asiy way evoked, it immediately evokes its 

 fellow, and the emotion is complete. Thus the psychical factor of fear, if excited, will 

 determine the bodily factor, viz. chilling of the blood, etc. ; while chilled blood, however 

 produced, will similarly give rise to the psychical factor. Each factor that is may be 

 either cause or consequent of the other. 



5. The bloodless animals that remain motiopless when frightened are beetles, irioths, 

 etc. (iv. 6, Note 8) ; but the same phenomenon is really obsei-vable in some sanguineous 

 animals, e.g. in the landrail ( YarrelCs Birds, iii. 95). . Those that discharge their 

 excreta are various insects and cuttle-fishes. Here again however examples can be 

 found among sanguineous animals; snakes fOr instance ( W^/izV/j Selborne, xxv.), 

 hedgehogs, the aurochs as described by Aristotle (iii. 2, 5), and many other animals 



