1 86 Notes, ii. 17 — iii. i. 



10. The exact, drift of this passage is not very evident. I take it that A. thinks it 

 necessary to explain why the tongue, if it adheres to one jaw, does not adhere to that- 

 which in his view is the nobler, namely the upper (ii. 2, Note 6). His explanation is 

 that in reality the tongue does adhere to the upper jaw ; but that the upper jaw has 

 been brought into the position of the lower one, as its immobility testifies, lest the 

 adherence of the tongue to it should interfere with deglutition. 



11. Cf. iv. u. Notes 6, 7. 



12. In the Cyprinoids the palate is cushioned wjth a thick soft vascular substance, 

 •remarkable for its great irritability. , This is still commonly known in France as "langue 

 de carpe" [Cuvier, R. An. ii. 270). 



13. This is true. 



. 14. As to the tongue of Crustacea, Cephalopods, Gasteropods, etc., cf. iv. 5, Notes 

 4, 6, 8. 



15. What species of Gasteropod corresponds to Aristotle's Purpura is a matter of doubt. 

 All that we learn from the various passages in which it is mentioned is that it had a 

 spiral shell, an operculum, and a strong tongue, which enabled it to prey on other 

 shell-fish ; . that it deposited its eggs in honey-like masses ; furnished a dye ; and that 

 there were numerous species of it, some large, some small. Probably the term includes 

 all the various species of Murex, Buccinum, and Purpura, from which purple dye was 

 obtainable. Of these the more important seem to have been Murex trunculus. and 

 M. brandaris. M. Boblaye found numerous heaps of shells of M. brandaris on the coast 

 of the Morea, close to the ruins of ancient dyeworks. Similar evidence was obtained by 

 Wilde on the Tyrian coast for M. trunculus (cf. Woodward, Mollusca, p. 106 ; Meyer, 

 Tkierkunde, p. 183). As to the power possessed by the Purpura lapillus of perforating 

 shells by means of its armed tongue, see Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Mollusca, iii. 385. 



16. The words I have translated vaguely as gad-flies and cattle-flies are in the text ^stri 

 and Myopes. There are not sufficient data to determine what exact species of Diptera 

 are meant. The general statements made about them in various passages seem to point 

 clearly to some or other species of Tabanus such as T. bovinus, and Chrysops caecutiens 

 (Aubert and IVimmer); but the account given of the development of ^strus {H. A. v. 19) 

 is inconsistent with this identification. 



17. The similarity consists in the accumulation of distinct functions in one and the 

 same part. 



BOOK III. 



(Ch. 1.) 1. As a rule the same organs which serve as weapons of defence serve also 

 in offensive warfare ; such for example is the case with the long horns of the Or}'x. 

 But, as A. says, this is not always the case. Thus the upper branches of the horns are 

 used by some kinds of deer chiefly or exclusively for defence, while the brow antlers 

 are used in attack. In wild boars the skin over the shoulder is specially modified 

 to form a shield, which, like the mane of a lion, is exclusively a weapon of defence. 

 Similar distinctions may be noticed with regard to the teeth. In such camivora as 

 the lion they serve indifferently for protection and attack ; but in the Babirusa pig 

 the lower tusks alone are used for offence, the upper ones being useless except for 

 protection. In the common wild boar exactly the reverse is the case ; the upper tusks 



