192 Notes, ill. 3. 



(Ch. 3.) 1. The word I have rendered larynx is in the Greek pharynx. It is quite 

 clear however that the part which is made of cartilage, serves for vocal and respiratory 

 purposes, lies in front, of the oesophagus, etc., can only be what we call larynx, and I 

 have therefore so translated it. Yet the word larynx was known to A., and occasionally 

 used by him as. by us. It would seem that the two words pharynx and larynx had not 

 in his day been clearly differentiated from each other, but were used indifferently for one 

 and the same part {H. A. iv. 9, i and 2), namely the larynx. What we call pharynx 

 had for A. no distinct name, being nothing more than the first part of the oesophagus ; 

 which latter he says, later on in this chapter, is directly continuous with the mouth. 

 This can hardly be called confounding pharynx and larynx, with which Mr. Lewes 

 charges Aristotle. Galen sometimes uses pharynx as equivalent to larynx ; sometimes 

 in the modem sense, as the common meeting-place of gullet and windpipe (cf. Darem- 

 derg^s Galen, i. S^l). 



2. "In some fishes there is no oesophagus at all; in the rest it is of short length" 

 {D. P. iii. 14, 12). As a rule the oesophagus is indistinct in fishes, being scarcely 

 differentiated from the stomach and. intestine. In some fishes however, as the rays, it is 

 distinct enough. 



3. It would probably be truer to say that there js a long trachea in order that there 

 may be a long neck, so as to facilitate the motions of the head, than to say, as A. dofes, 

 that there must be a long neck, in order to provide space for a long trachea. Still 

 the length of the trachea is not without use ; for the air in its passage down the long 

 canal is filtered of its dust, moistened, and warmed. In some animals the trachea is 

 still further lengthened by being formed into a coil. 



4. Cf. iii. 4, Note 20. 



5. It is indeed impossible to explain teleologically the strange position occupied by 

 the orifice of the trachea. A supposed explanation has been found in the homologies of 

 the part. The lungs and trachea correspond anatomically to the swim-bladder and 

 pneunaatic duct of fishes, and have probably been developed as modifications of these 

 latter organs, whose place they occupy {Danvin, Or. of Species, p. 191). But the duct 

 in fishes as a general rule opens on the dorsal, and very exceptionally on the ventral, 

 aspect of the oesophagus ; a fact which scarcely harmonizes with this explanation. 



6. Alluding to Plato (ymveWs Transl. ii. 584). Hippocrates mentions and attacks this 

 same strange notion {De Morbis, iv. 30). 



7. Mammals alone have an epiglottis. In other vertebrata the opening into the larynx 

 and trachea is closed simply by constrictor muscles. 



8. Cf. ii. 13, Note $. 



9. Frantzius, as I think erroneously, infers from this passage that A. supposed the 

 trachea to communicate directly with the heart. Had A. so imagined, he would not 

 have said, as in the text, "leads to the lung and the heart," but merely''*to the heart"; 

 for the fact of its also leading to the lung would have had nothing to do with the matter. 

 But, as the trachea only leads to the lung, he is qbliged to mention this organ as well 

 as the heart; his argument being as follows. "The heart is in front; but, where the 

 heart is, there and surrounding it must be the lung, in order to perform its due office 

 to the heart. The lung, then, must also be in front ; and therefore the windpipe also, 

 which leads to it." There is indeed one vague passage (^H. A. i. 16, 14) which would 

 at first sight seem to establish Frantzius's view. "The heart also is connected with the 



windpipe by fatty, cartilaginous, and fibrinous bands When the windpipe is inflated, 



in some animals there is no sign pf the air getting into it, but in some of the large 

 animals it plainly does." Allowing that by "it" is meant the heart, which is not 



